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world; and heaven received the flowers of the stars, and was adorned as if by the glances of twin eyes by the pair of the great lights. It remained also for the waters to be given their own adornment. The command came, and immediately both rivers were active, and lakes fruitful, each with their own kinds according to their nature. And the sea brought forth all sorts of swimming creatures, and not even the water that was in mud and swamps, not even this remained idle, nor devoid of its contribution to creation. For frogs and gnats and mosquitos were clearly generated from them. For the things seen even now are proof of the things that have passed. Thus all water hastened to minister to the creative command; and of these creatures, whose kinds one could not even enumerate, the great and ineffable power of God immediately showed their life to be active and moving, the suitability for begetting life having come into being in the waters along with the command. Let the waters bring forth creeping things having living souls. Now for the first time an ensouled creature, partaking of sensation, is created. For plants and trees, though they are said to live because they partake of the power of nourishment and growth, are yet not animals, nor ensouled. For this reason, Let the waters bring forth creeping things. Everything that swims, whether it swims upon the surface of the water, or cuts through the water at its depths, is of the nature of creeping things, being drawn along by the body of the water. And even if some aquatic creatures have feet and can walk (for the most part many of these are amphibious; such as seals, and crocodiles, and river horses, and frogs, and crabs), still, the swimming nature is their primary one. For this reason, Let the waters bring forth creeping things. In these few words what kind is left out? What is not included in the command of creation? Are not the viviparous, such as seals and dolphins and torpedo-fish, and the like of these called cartilaginous fish? Are not the oviparous, which are almost all the kinds of fish? Are not those with scales, are not those with plates, are not those which have fins and those which do not? The voice of the command is small, or rather not even a voice, but only an inclination and impulse of the will; but the richness of the meaning in the command is as great as the differences and commonalities of the fish, to go through all of which with accuracy is equal to counting the waves of the sea, or trying to measure out the water of the ocean with cups. Let the waters bring forth creeping things. In these are the pelagic, the littoral, the deep-sea, the rock-dwelling, the gregarious, the solitary, the whales, the enormous, and the smallest of fish. For by the same power, and by the equal command, both the great and the small partake of being. Let the waters bring forth. It showed you the natural kinship of swimming creatures to the water, for which reason fish perish when separated from the water for a short time. For they do not have respiration so as to draw in this air; but what air is to land animals, water is to the swimming kind. And the reason is clear. Because in us lies the lung, a rare and porous organ, which by the expansion of the chest receives the air, fanning and cooling our internal heat; but for them the expansion and contraction of the gills, receiving and letting pass the water, fulfills the function of breathing. The lot of fish is their own, their nature is their own, their way of life is separate, their life is peculiar. For this reason none of the swimming creatures deigns to be tamed, nor endures at all the touch of a human hand. 7.2 Let the waters bring forth creeping things having living souls after their kind. He now commands the first-fruits of each kind to be brought forth, as if certain seeds of nature; but their multitude is reserved for the succession hereafter, when they must increase and multiply. Of another kind are those called hard-shelled; such as mussels, and scallops, and sea snails, and strombs, and the countless varieties of oysters. Again, another kind besides these, those called soft-shelled, crawfish,

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κόσμον· ἀπέλαβε δὲ ὁ οὐρανὸς τῶν ἄστρων τὰ ἄνθη, καὶ οἱονεὶ διδύμων ὀφθαλμῶν βολαῖς τῇ συζυγίᾳ τῶν μεγάλων φωστήρων κατεκοσμήθη. Λειπόμε νον ἦν καὶ τοῖς ὕδασι τὸν οἰκεῖον κόσμον ἀποδοθῆναι. Ἦλθε πρόσταγμα, καὶ εὐθὺς καὶ ποταμοὶ ἐνεργοὶ, καὶ λίμναι γόνιμοι τῶν οἰκείων ἕκαστον αὐτῶν καὶ κατὰ φύσιν γενῶν. Καὶ ἡ θάλασσα τὰ παντοδαπὰ γένη τῶν πλωτῶν ὤδινε, καὶ οὐδὲ ὅσον ἐν ἰλύσι καὶ τέλμασι τοῦ ὕδατος ἦν, οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἀργὸν, οὐδὲ ἄμοιρον τῆς κατὰ τὴν κτίσιν συντελείας ἀπέμεινε. Βάτραχοι γὰρ καὶ ἐμπίδες καὶ κώνωπες ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀπεζέννυντο δηλονότι. Τὰ γὰρ ἔτι καὶ νῦν ὁρώμενα ἀπόδειξίς ἐστι τῶν παρελθόντων. Οὕτω πᾶν ὕδωρ ἠπείγετο τῷ δημιουργικῷ προστάγματι ὑπουργεῖν· καὶ ὧν οὐδ' ἂν τὰ γένη τις ἐξαριθμήσασθαι δυνηθείη, τούτων τὴν ζωὴν εὐθὺς ἐνεργὸν καὶ κινουμένην ἀπέδειξεν ἡ μεγάλη καὶ ἄφατος τοῦ Θεοῦ δύναμις, ὁμοῦ τῷ προστάγματι τῆς πρὸς τὸ ζῳογονεῖν ἐπιτηδειότητος ἐγγενομένης τοῖς ὕδασιν. Ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετὰ ψυχῶν ζωσῶν. Νῦν πρῶτον ἔμψυχον καὶ αἰσθήσεως μετέχον ζῷον δημιουρ γεῖται. Φυτὰ γὰρ καὶ δένδρα κἂν ζῆν λέγηται διὰ τὸ μετέχειν τῆς θρεπτικῆς καὶ αὐξητικῆς δυνάμεως, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ καὶ ζῷα, οὐδὲ ἔμψυχα. Τούτου γε ἕνεκα, Ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετά. Πᾶν τὸ νηκτικὸν κἂν τῇ ἐπιφανείᾳ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐπινήχηται, κἂν διὰ βάθους τέμνῃ τὸ ὕδωρ, τῆς τῶν ἑρπηστικῶν ἐστι φύσεως, ἐπισυρόμενον τῷ τοῦ ὕδατος σώματι. Κἂν ὑπόποδα δὲ καὶ πορευτικὰ ὑπάρχῃ τινὰ τῶν ἐνύδρων (μάλιστα μὲν ἀμφίβια τὰ πολλὰ τούτων ἐστίν· οἷον φῶκαι, καὶ κροκόδειλοι, καὶ οἱ ποτάμιοι ἵπποι, καὶ βάτραχοι, καὶ καρκῖνοι), ἀλλ' οὖν προηγούμενον ἔχει τὸ νηκτικόν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο, Ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετά. Ἐν τούτοις τοῖς μικροῖς ῥήμασι τί παρεῖται γένος; τί οὐκ ἐμπεριείληπται τῷ προστάγματι τῆς δημιουργίας; Οὐ τὰ ζωοτοκοῦντα, οἷον φῶκαι καὶ δελφῖνες καὶ νάρκαι, καὶ τὰ ὅμοια τούτοις τὰ σελάχη λεγόμενα; οὐ τὰ ὠοτόκα, ἅπερ ἐστὶ πάντα σχεδὸν τῶν ἰχθύων τὰ γένη; οὐχ ὅσα λεπιδωτὰ, οὐχ ὅσα φολιδωτὰ, οὐχ οἷς ἐστι πτερύγια καὶ οἷς μή ἐστιν; Ἡ μὲν φωνὴ τοῦ προστάγματος μικρὰ, μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ φωνὴ, ἀλλὰ ῥοπὴ μόνον καὶ ὁρμὴ τοῦ θελήματος· τὸ δὲ τῆς ἐν τῷ προστάγματι διανοίας πολύχουν τοσοῦτόν ἐστιν, ὅσαι καὶ αἱ τῶν ἰχθύων διαφοραὶ καὶ κοινότητες, οἷς πᾶσι δι' ἀκριβείας ἐπεξελθεῖν, ἴσον ἐστὶ καὶ κύματα πελάγους ἀπαριθμεῖσθαι, ἢ ταῖς κοτύλαις πειρᾶσθαι τὸ ὕδωρ τῆς θαλάσσης ἀπομετρεῖν. Ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετά. Ἐν τούτοις ἔνι τὰ πελάγια, τὰ αἰγιαλώδη, τὰ βύθια, τὰ πετρώδη, τὰ ἀγελαῖα, τὰ σποραδικὰ, τὰ κήτη, τὰ ὑπέρογκα, τὰ λεπτότατα τῶν ἰχθύων. Τῇ γὰρ αὐτῇ δυνάμει, καὶ τῷ ἴσῳ προστάγματι, τό τε μέγα καὶ τὸ μικρὸν μετα λαγχάνει τοῦ εἶναι. Ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα. Ἔδειξέ σοι τὴν φυσικὴν τῶν νηκτῶν πρὸς τὸ ὕδωρ συγγένειαν, διὸ μικρὸν οἱ ἰχθύες χωρισθέντες τοῦ ὕδατος διαφθείρονται. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἔχουσιν ἀναπνοὴν ὥστε ἕλκειν τὸν ἀέρα τοῦτον· ἀλλ' ὅπερ τοῖς χερσαίοις ἐστὶν ἀὴρ, τοῦτο τῷ πλωτῷ γένει τὸ ὕδωρ. Καὶ ἡ αἰτία δήλη. Ὅτι ἡμῖν μὲν ὁ πνεύμων ἔγκειται, ἀραιὸν καὶ πολύπορον σπλάγχνον, ὃ διὰ τῆς τοῦ θώρακος διαστολῆς τὸν ἀέρα δεχόμενον, τὸ ἔνδον ἡμῶν θερμὸν διαρριπίζει καὶ ἀναψύχει· ἐκείνοις δὲ ἡ τῶν βραγχίων διαστολὴ καὶ ἐπίπτυξις, δεχομένων τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ διιέντων, τὸν τῆς ἀναπνοῆς λόγον ἀποπληροῖ. Ἴδιος κλῆρος τῶν ἰχθύων, ἰδία φύσις, δίαιτα κεχωρισμένη, ἰδιότροπος ἡ ζωή. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ τιθασσεύεσθαί τι τῶν νηκτῶν καταδέχεται, οὐδὲ ὅλως ὑπομένει χειρὸς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐπιβολήν. 7.2 Ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετὰ ψυχῶν ζωσῶν κατὰ γένος. Ἑκάστου γένους τὰς ἀπαρχὰς νῦν, οἱονεὶ σπέρματά τινα τῆς φύσεως, προβληθῆναι κελεύει· τὸ δὲ πλῆθος αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ μετὰ ταῦτα διαδοχῇ ταμιεύεται, ὅταν αὐξάνεσθαι αὐτὰ καὶ πληθύνεσθαι δέῃ. Ἄλλου γένους ἐστὶ τὰ ὀστρα κόδερμα προσαγορευόμενα· οἷον κόγχαι, καὶ κτένες, καὶ κοχλίαι θαλάσσιοι, καὶ στρόμβοι, καὶ αἱ μυρίαι τῶν ὀστρέων διαφοραί. Ἄλλο πάλιν παρὰ ταῦτα γένος, τὰ μαλακόστρακα προσειρημένα, κάραβοι,