John Chrysostom, Fragments on Job

Job is a small matter for you to contend with, although indeed we are not worthy of his dungheap, but yet if you think his example is less than your greatness of soul; consider the blessed Paul, who after his disciplined philosophy buffeted his body, and brought it into subjection, and showed his life to be a contest. For this reason also Christ, showing the difficulty of the matter, did not even permit simply looking at the faces of women; but also threatened to punish with the punishment of adulterers those who so look; and He did not legislate celibacy, but showing the nature of the matter, He said: He that is able to receive it, let him receive it. “And the powerless did not fail to receive whatever need they had.” Do you see how he was not arrogant, how moderate, how a common physician of all, and a common harbor, and a common refuge for those in need, whatever need they had, he says, not yes to this one, and no to that one; but of whatever sort, even if it was full of dangers, even if it was costly, even if it was precarious. And see, he helped those from whom he expected nothing, widows, and orphans, and the powerless. “For the fear of the Lord constrained me, from His taking I will not endure.” But such was the philanthropy of the righteous man; what could one say of his contempt for money? For this too was achieved by him with excess; for not only did he not covet what belonged to others, which many now do, but not even his own, but 64.637 he was also alienated from them with all excess; wherefore he also said: “If I set gold as my dust. [But Symmachus, My confidence.] And if I trusted in precious stones, and if I rejoiced because much wealth had come to me.” For this reason, when they were taken away, he bore it with much ease; and when they were present, he practiced lavish almsgiving; for he pursued every virtue; and though possessing so much, he was more disciplined than those who had nothing; for he who has nothing was not so free from money as that man who had so much; for everywhere it is the disposition that is crowned. “And if I laid my hand on countless things.” For that Job did not cling strongly to good things even when they were present, hear what he says: And if I rejoiced because much wealth had come to me. What do you say, man? Do you not rejoice when wealth flows in? Not at all, he says. Why so? Because I knew its instability and transience, I knew that the possession is not permanent. “Or do we not see the shining sun being eclipsed, and the moon waning? For it is not in their power.” What he says is something like this: If the stars in heaven, though continually shining, undergo some change, the sun being eclipsed, and the moon waning; how is it not of the utmost folly to think earthly things are permanent and fixed? For this reason, he neither rejoiced when they were present, nor grieved when they departed, since he knew their nature well. This brilliant light is destroyed, and vanishes, and is not seen. Do you see what cause he gives for the change of the luminaries; therefore creation is sufficient for us for philosophy too, not only for the knowledge of God. When you see that the sun is great, marvel at the Creator; when you see that it is eclipsed, learn the corruptibility of human affairs. For if that which is the most brilliant of all things on earth, he says, is both diminished and comes to an end, much more all other things; if that which is so useful and necessary, and without which it is not possible to live, undergoes change, much more the superfluous things, which are not set before us out of necessity. “And if my maidservants often said, Who would give us to be filled with his flesh, since I am so good?” Was he then humble, but not longed for and beloved? Consider here also the excess; for just as in dreadful things he bore what was brought upon him with all vehemence, so also in prosperity 64.640 he accomplished each virtue with much abundance, not simply, nor as it happened, but arriving at the very summit; so also gentle, not only toward others,

μικρός σοι πρὸς ἅμιλλαν ὁ Ἰὼβ, καίτοιγε οὐδὲ τῆς κοπρίας ἐσμὲν ἄξιοι τῆς ἐκείνου, πλὴν ἀλλ' εἰ ἔλαττόν σου τῆς μεγαλοψυχίας εἶναι νομίζεις τὸ ὑπόδειγμα· ἐννόησον τὸν μακάριον Παῦλον, τὸν μετὰ τὴν ἠκριβωμένην φιλοσοφίαν ὑποπιάζοντα τὸ σῶμα, καὶ δουλαγωγοῦντα, καὶ ἐναγώνιον τὸν βίον δεικνύντα. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς τοῦ πράγματος δηλῶν τὴν δυσκολίαν, οὐδὲ ἐμβλέπειν ἁπλῶς ἠφίει εἰς τὰς τῶν γυναικῶν ὄψεις· ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ τῶν μοιχῶν κολάσει, τοὺς οὕτως ὁρῶντας κολάζειν ἠπείλησε· καὶ οὐκ ἐνομοθέτησεν ἀγαμίαν, ἀλλὰ δηλῶν τοῦ πράγματος τὴν φύσιν, ἔλεγεν· Ὁ δυνάμενος χωρεῖν χωρείτω. «Ἀδύνατοι δὲ χρείαν ἥν ποτε εἶχον οὐκ ἀπέτυχον.» Ὁρᾷς πῶς οὐκ ἦν ὑπερόπτης, πῶς μέτριος, πῶς κοινὸς ἁπάντων ἰατρὸς, καὶ κοινὸς λιμὴν, καὶ κοινὴ καταφυγὴ τῶν ἐν ἀνάγκαις ὄντων, ἥν ποτε εἶχον χρείαν, φησὶν, οὐχὶ τὴν μὲν ναὶ, τὴν δὲ οὔ· ἀλλ' οἵαν δήποτε, εἰ καὶ κινδύνων ἔγεμεν, εἰ καὶ δαπανηρά τις ἦν, εἰ καὶ ἐπισφαλής. Καὶ ὅρα, τούτοις ἐβοήθει παρ' ὧν οὐδὲν προσεδόκα, χήραις, καὶ ὀρφανοῖς, καὶ ἀδυνάτοις. «Φόβος γὰρ Κυρίου συνέσχε με, ἀπὸ τοῦ λήμματος αὐτοῦ οὐχ ὑποίσω.» Ἀλλὰ τοιαύτη μὲν ἡ τοῦ δικαίου φιλανθρωπία· τί δ' ἄν τις εἴποι τὴν τῶν χρημάτων ὑπεροψίαν; καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς αὐτῷ κατωρθοῦτο· οὐ γὰρ δὴ μόνον τῶν ἀλλοτρίων οὐκ ἐφίετο, ὅπερ πάσχουσιν οἱ πολλοὶ νῦν, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τῶν οἰκείων, ἀλλὰ 64.637 καὶ αὐτῶν ἠλλοτρίωτο μετὰ πάσης ὑπερβολῆς· διὸ καὶ ἔλεγεν· «Εἰ ἔταξα χρυσίον εἰς χοῦν μου. [Ὁ δὲ Σύμμαχος, Ἀφοβίαν μου.] Εἰ δὲ καὶ λίθῳ πολυτελεῖ ἐπεποίθησα, εἰ δὲ καὶ εὐφράνθην πολλοῦ πλούτου μοι γενομένου.» ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο, καὶ ἀφαιρεθέντων, μετὰ πολλῆς ἔφερε τῆς εὐκολίας· καὶ παρόντων, δαψιλῆ τὴν ἐλεημοσύνην εἰργάζετο· πᾶσαν γὰρ ἀρετὴν ἐπῆλθε· καὶ τῶν οὐδὲν ἐχόντων ἀκριβέστερον διέκειτο, τοσαῦτα περιβεβλημένος· οὐ γὰρ οὕτως ὁ μηδὲν ἔχων ἀπήλλακτο χρημάτων, ὡς ἐκεῖνος, ὁ τοσαῦτα ἔχων· πανταχοῦ γὰρ ἡ γνώμη ἐστὶν ἡ στεφανουμένη. «Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐπ' ἀναριθμήτοις ἐθέμην χεῖρά μου.» Ὅτι γὰρ οὐδὲ παρόντων τῶν χρηστῶν ὁ Ἰὼβ σφόδρα ἀντείχετο, ἄκουσον τί φησιν· Εἰ δὲ καὶ εὐφράνθην πολλοῦ μοι πλούτου γενομένου. Τί λέγεις, ἄνθρωπε; Οὐκ εὐφραίνου τοῦ πλούτου ἐπιῤῥέοντος; Οὐδαμῶς, φησί. Τί δήποτε; Ὅτι ᾔδειν αὐτοῦ τὸ ἄστατον καὶ παραῤῥέον, ᾔδειν ὅτι τὸ κτῆμα οὐ μόνιμον. «Ἢ οὐχ ὁρῶμεν ἥλιον τὸν ἐπιφαύσκοντα, ἐκλείποντα, σελήνην δὲ φθίνουσαν; Οὐ γὰρ ἐπ' αὐτοῖς ἐστιν.» Ὃ λέγει τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν· Εἰ τὰ κατ' οὐρανὸν ἄστρα, καὶ διηνεκῶς λάμποντα, δέχεταί τινα μεταβολὴν, ἥλιος μὲν ἐκλείπων, σελήνη δὲ φθίνουσα· πῶς οὐκ ἐσχάτης ἀνοίας, τὰ ἐπίγεια εἶναι νομίζειν μόνιμα καὶ πεπηγότα; ∆ιὰ τοῦτο, οὔτε παρόντων εὐφραίνετο, οὔτε ἀπελθόντων ἤλγησεν, ἐπειδὴ καλῶς ᾔδει τὴν φύσιν αὐτῶν. Τὸ λαμπρὸν τοῦτο φῶς ἀπόλλυται, καὶ ἀφανίζεται, καὶ οὐχ ὁρᾶται. Ὁρᾷς οἵαν αἰτίαν φησὶ τῆς μεταβολῆς τῶν φωστήρων· ἄρα ἀρκεῖ καὶ πρὸς φιλοσοφίαν ἡ κτίσις ἡμῖν, οὐχὶ πρὸς θεογνωσίαν μόνον. Ὅταν ἴδῃς ὅτι μέγας ὁ ἥλιος, θαύμασον τὸν δημιουργόν· ὅταν ἴδῃς ὅτι ἐκλείπει, τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων τὸ εὔφθαρτον καταμάνθανε. Εἰ γὰρ ὃ πάντων ἐστὶ λαμπρότερον τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, τοῦτο λέγει, καὶ μειοῦται, καὶ τελευτᾷ, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὰ λοιπὰ πάντα· εἰ τὸ οὕτω χρήσιμον καὶ ἀναγκαῖον, καὶ οὗ χωρὶς ζῇν οὐκ ἔνι, μεταβολὴν δέχεται, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὰ περιττὰ, καὶ οὐκ ἀναγκαίως ἡμῖν προκείμενα. «Εἰ δὲ καὶ πολλάκις εἶπον αἱ θεράπαιναί μου, Τίς ἂν δῴη ἡμῖν τῶν σαρκῶν αὐτοῦ πλησθῆναι, λίαν μου χρηστοῦ ὄντος;» Ἆρα οὖν ταπεινὸς μὲν οὗτος ἦν, οὐχὶ δὲ ποθητὸς καὶ ἐπέραστος; Σκόπει κἀνταῦθα τὴν ὑπερβολήν· ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς μετὰ πάσης σφοδρότητος τὰ ἐπενεχθέντα ἤνεγκεν, οὕτω καὶ ἐν τῇ εὐημερίᾳ 64.640 τὴν ἀρετὴν ἑκάστην μετὰ πολλῆς κατώρθωσε τῆς περιουσίας, οὐχ ἁπλῶς, οὐδὲ ὡς ἔτυχεν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς αὐτὸ τὸ ἄκρον ἀφικόμενος· οὕτω καὶ ἥμερος, οὐ μόνον πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους,