HORTATORY ADDRESS TO THE GREEKS BY SAINT JUSTIN, PHILOSOPHER AND MARTYR.

 Alas, with my own eyes I see a dear man pursued around the wall and my heart grieves for him. And what he says about the other gods conspiring agains

 Artemis the archer, sister of the far-shooter. And against Leto stood the strong, helpful Hermes. These and such things Homer taught you about the god

 ...s of you you say have become of piety, some declaring water to be the beginning of all things, others air, others fire, others some other of the af

 Of all of them who had spoken, Thales, the eldest of them all, says that the principle of existing things is water for he says that all things are fr

 having denied it, later says in his conceptions that it is this very thing. Moreover, having formerly declared that everything that has come into bein

 having established for I do not attempt to prove these things from the divine histories among us alone, which you are not yet willing to believe beca

 to organize affairs in Egypt, but also to establish the warrior class with laws. And fourth, they say that Bocchoris the king became a lawgiver, a wis

 it happened that there were once God-fearing men, as you say the oracle declared: Only the Chaldeans obtained wisdom, and also the Hebrews, purely rev

 of wise men or orators, should one wish to make mention, he will find that they have written their own compositions in the letters of the Greeks. But

 it is fitting that it should appear clearly and manifestly. It is necessary, therefore, for you, O men of Greece, foreseeing the things to come and lo

 And in the Oracles it is thus: I adjure you, Heaven, the wise work of the great God, I adjure you, Voice of the Father, which He first uttered, When H

 the poem to fall from its meter, lest he should seem not to have first mentioned the name of the gods. But a little later he sets forth clearly and pl

 he should cause Meletus to be against himself, accusing him before the Athenians and saying: Plato does wrong and is a busybody, not believing in the

 that only disobedience was cast out, but not knowing that they were also persuaded that non-existent gods existed, they passed on the name of the gods

 light, constructs that which comes to be. But perhaps some, not wishing to abandon the doctrines of polytheism, will say that the demiurge himself sai

 having. For it does not seem to me that what was said by Phoenix was said simply: Not even if the god himself should promise me, scraping off old age,

 wishing to confirm what has been said of participation, Plato has written thus in these very words: God, then, as the old saying has it, holding the b

 having heard from one who had come back to life and was relating the things there, has written thus in his very words: For he said that he was present

 poetry, Diodorus, the most renowned of the historians, sufficiently teaches us. For he said that he, having been in Egypt, had learned that Nepenthes,

 to set up the battle-cry of much-lamented war They were eager to place Ossa upon Olympus, but upon Ossa Pelion with its shaking leaves, that heaven m

 and concerning the heaven that came into being that the created heaven, which he also named the firmament, this is the perceptible one that came into

 proclaimed by the name. For, fearing to call the gift of God Holy Spirit, lest he should seem to be an enemy of the Greeks by following the teaching

 supposed them to have the forms of men, you will find that they learned this also from the divine history. For since the history of Moses says, from t

 to you Socrates, the wisest of the wise, to whom even your oracle, as you yourselves say, testifies, saying: Of all men Socrates is the wisest, confes

 It will be easy for you to learn in part the true worship of God from the ancient Sibyl, who teaches you by oracles from some powerful inspiration, th

 it is clear that he said this about the oracle-givers, looking to the oracles of the Sibyl. For he spoke thus: When they succeed in saying many and gr

 Tatian's Address to the Greeks. Do not be so very hostile towards the barbarians, O men of Greece, nor be envious of their doctrines. For what pursuit

 very savagely, having imprisoned his own friend for not wanting to worship him, carried him around like a bear or a leopard. Indeed, he completely fol

 selecting places for their covetousness *** the prominent. But one ought not flatter the leaders with the prospect of kingship, but to wait until the

 I have chosen to order the unordered matter in you, and just as the Word, having been begotten in the beginning, in turn begot our creation for himsel

 not according to fate, but by the free will of those who choose, he foretold the outcomes of future events and he became a hinderer of wickedness thro

 with baubles of the earth he deceived the motherless and orphaned girl. Poseidon sails, Ares delights in wars, Apollo is a cithara player, Dionysus is

 of a kingdom, *** were turned into constellations by the shaping of letters? And how is Kronos, who was fettered and cast out of his kingdom, appointe

 of faith with glory become but the poor man and the most moderate, desiring the things that are his own, more easily gets by. Why, I ask, according to

 were zealous to be but the Lord of all allowed them to luxuriate until the world, having reached its end, should be dissolved, and the judge should a

 refusing a suffering god, they were shown to be fighters against God rather than God-fearing. You too are such men, O Greeks, talkative in words, but

 of the spirit But when the tabernacle is not of such a kind, man excels the beasts only in articulate speech, but in other respects his way of life i

 causes, when they happen, they ascribe to themselves, attacking whenever weariness overtakes them. But there are times when they themselves by a tempe

 For if it were so, much more would he ward off his own enemy from himself for being able to help others also, he will much more become his own avenge

 you? Therefore if you say that one ought not to fear death, sharing our doctrines, die not because of human vainglory, as Anaxarchus did, but for the

 Unable to explain those things, because of the impossibility of their theory, they have blamed the tides, and of the seas, one being weedy and the oth

 For what sort are your teachings? Who would not mock your public festivals, which, being celebrated under the pretext of wicked demons, turn men to di

 providing it, feeding it with the most ungodly bloodshed. For the robber kills for the sake of taking, but the rich man buys gladiators for the sake o

 dedications, and those who read are as with the jar of the Danaids. Why do you divide time for me, saying that one part of it is past, another present

 the conception which I have concerning all things, this I do not hide. Why do you advise me to deceive the state? Why, while saying to despise death,

 but again it will be dissolved, if we obey the word of God and do not scatter ourselves. For he has gained control of our possessions through a certai

 Archilochus flourished around the twenty-third Olympiad, in the time of Gyges the Lydian, five hundred years after the Trojan War. And concerning the

 the nonsense of affairs for the Greeks. For the pursuits of your customs are rather foolish through great glory and behave disgracefully through the w

 seeing the figures of the strife and of Eteocles, and not having thrown them into a pit with Pythagoras who made them, do you destroy along with them

 For what is difficult about men who have been shown to be ignorant being now refuted by a man of like passions? And what is strange, according to your

 maios. The time from Inachus until the capture of Ilium completes twenty generations and the proof is in this manner. The kings of the Argives were th

 our laws, and what the learned men among the Greeks have said, and how many and who they are who have mentioned them, will be shown in the treatise A

 God and what is the creation according to him, I present myself ready to you for the examination of the doctrines, while my way of life according to G

but again it will be dissolved, if we obey the word of God and do not scatter ourselves. For he has gained control of our possessions through a certain hidden treasure, which in digging up we have been filled with dust, but to him we have given the occasion for his existence. For everyone who accepts his own possession has brought under his control the power of the more precious wealth. Let these things, then, be said to our own people; but to you Greeks what else can be said than not to rail against your betters, nor, if they are called barbarians, to take this as a pretext for scoffing? For you will be able to find the cause of our not all being able to understand each other's dialect, if you are willing. For to those wishing to examine our affairs I shall make the narrative easy and abundant. But now I think it fitting for me to show that our philosophy is older than the practices of the Greeks. And our touchstones will be Moses and Homer. For since each of them is very ancient, and the one is the most ancient of poets and historians, and the other the originator of all barbarian wisdom, let them now be taken by us for a comparison. For we shall find what is among us to be older not only than the learning of the Greeks, but even than the invention of letters. And I shall not take witnesses from home, but rather I will make use of Greek assistants. For the one course is unreasonable, because it is not even acceptable to us, but the other, if demonstrated, would be admirable, when, opposing you with your own weapons, I receive from you proofs that are above suspicion. For concerning Homer's poetry, both his lineage and the time in which he flourished, investigations were made by the most ancient authorities, namely Theagenes of Rhegium, who lived in the time of Cambyses, and Stesimbrotus of Thasos and Antimachus of Colophon, Herodotus of Halicarnassus and Dionysius of Olynthus; and after them, Ephorus of Cyme and Philochorus the Athenian, Megaclides and Chamaeleon the Peripatetics; then the grammarians Zenodotus, Aristophanes, Callistratus, Crates, Eratosthenes, Aristarchus, Apollodorus. Of these, the followers of Crates say that he flourished before the return of the Heraclidae, within eighty years after the Trojan war; the followers of Eratosthenes, one hundred years after the capture of Ilium; the followers of Aristarchus, at the time of the Ionian migration, which is one hundred and forty years after the Trojan events; Philochorus, after the Ionian migration, when Archippus was archon in Athens, one hundred and eighty years after the Trojan events; the followers of Apollodorus, one hundred years after the Ionian migration, which would be two hundred and forty years after the Trojan events. Some said that he lived before the Olympiads, that is, four hundred years after the capture of Ilium. Others brought the date down, saying that Homer was a contemporary of Archilochus; but he

πάλιν δ' αὖ λυθησομένου, ἡμῶν πειθομένων λόγῳ θεοῦ καὶ μὴ σκορπιζόντων ἑαυτούς. διά τινος γὰρ ἀποκρύφου θησαυροῦ τῶν ἡμετέρων ἐπεκράτησεν, ὃν ὀρύττοντες κονιορτοῦ μὲν ἡμεῖς ἐνεπλήσθημεν, τούτῳ δὲ τοῦ συνεστάναι τὴν ἀφορμὴν παρέ σχομεν. τὸ γὰρ αὑτοῦ πᾶς ὁ ἀποδεχόμενος κτῆμα τοῦ πολυ τιμοτέρου πλούτου τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐχειρώσατο. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν πρὸς τοὺς ἡμῶν οἰκείους εἰρήσθω· πρὸς δὲ ὑμᾶς τοὺς Ἕλλη νας τί ἂν ἕτερον ἢ τὸ μὴ τοῖς κρείττοσιν λοιδορεῖσθαι μηδ', εἰ βάρβαροι λέγοιντο, ταύτην λαμβάνειν τῆς χλεύης τὴν ἀφορ μήν; τοῦ γὰρ πάντας ἀλλήλων ἐπακούειν τῆς διαλέκτου μὴ δύ νασθαι τὴν αἰτίαν εὑρεῖν, ἢν ἐθέλητε, δυνήσεσθε· τοῖς ἐξε τάζειν γὰρ βουλομένοις τὰ ἡμέτερα ·ᾳδίαν καὶ ἄφθονον ποιή σομαι τὴν διήγησιν. Νῦν δὲ προσήκειν μοι νομίζω παραστῆσαι πρεσβυ τέραν τὴν ἡμετέραν φιλοσοφίαν τῶν παρ' Ἕλλησιν ἐπιτηδευμά των· ὅροι δὲ ἡμῖν κείσονται Μωυσῆς καὶ Ὅμηρος. τῷ γὰρ ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν εἶναι παλαίτατον καὶ τὸν μὲν ποιητῶν καὶ ἱστορικῶν εἶναι πρεσβύτατον, τὸν δὲ πάσης βαρβάρου σοφίας ἀρχηγόν, καὶ ὑφ' ἡμῶν νῦν εἰς σύγκρισιν παραλαμβανέσθωσαν· εὑρήσομεν γὰρ οὐ μόνον τῆς Ἑλλήνων παιδείας τὰ παρ' ἡμῖν, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῆς τῶν γραμμάτων εὑρέσεως ἀνώτερα. μάρτυρας δὲ οὐ τοὺς οἴκοι παραλήψομαι, βοηθοῖς δὲ μᾶλλον Ἕλλησι καταχρήσομαι. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἄγνωμον, ὅτι μηδὲ ὑφ' ἡμῶν παρα δεκτόν, τὸ δ' ἂν ἀποδεικνύηται θαυμαστόν, ὅτ' ἂν ὑμῖν διὰ τῶν ὑμετέρων ὅπλων ἀντερείδων ἀνυπόπτους παρ' ὑμῶν τοὺς ἐλέγχους λαμβάνω. περὶ γὰρ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως γέ νους τε αὐτοῦ καὶ χρόνου καθ' ὃν ἤκμασεν προηρεύνησαν πρεσβύ τατοι μὲν Θεαγένης τε ὁ Ῥηγῖνος κατὰ Καμβύσην γεγονὼς καὶ Στησίμβροτος ὁ Θάσιος καὶ Ἀντίμαχος ὁ Κολοφώνιος Ἡρόδοτός τε ὁ Ἁλικαρνασσεὺς καὶ ∆ιονύσιος ὁ Ὀλύνθιος, μετὰ δὲ ἐκείνους Ἔφορος ὁ Κυμαῖος καὶ Φιλόχορος ὁ Ἀθηναῖος Με γακλείδης τε καὶ Χαμαιλέων οἱ Περιπατητικοί· ἔπειτα γραμμα τικοὶ Ζηνόδοτος Ἀριστοφάνης Καλλίστρατος Κράτης Ἐρατο σθένης Ἀρίσταρχος Ἀπολλόδωρος. τούτων δὲ οἱ μὲν περὶ Κρά τητα πρὸ τῆς Ἡρακλειδῶν καθόδου φασὶν αὐτὸν ἠκμακέναι, μετὰ τὰ Τρωϊκὰ ἐνδοτέρω τῶν ὀγδοήκοντα ἐτῶν· οἱ δὲ περὶ Ἐρα τοσθένη μετὰ ἑκατοστὸν ἔτος τῆς Ἰλίου ἁλώσεως· οἱ δὲ περὶ Ἀρίσταρχον κατὰ τὴν Ἰωνικὴν ἀποικίαν, ἥ ἐστι μετὰ ἑκατὸν τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη τῶν Ἰλιακῶν· Φιλόχορος δὲ μετὰ τὴν Ἰωνικὴν ἀποικίαν, ἐπὶ ἄρχοντος Ἀθήνησιν Ἀρχίππου, τῶν Ἰλιακῶν ὕστερον ἔτεσιν ἑκατὸν ὀγδοήκοντα· οἱ δὲ περὶ Ἀπολλόδωρον μετὰ τὴν Ἰωνικὴν ἀποικίαν ἔτεσιν ἑκατόν, ὃ γένοιτ' ἂν ὕστερον τῶν Ἰλιακῶν ἔτεσι διακοσίοις τεσσαράκοντα. τινὲς δὲ πρὸ τῶν Ὀλυμπιάδων ἔφασαν αὐτὸν γεγονέναι, τοῦτ' ἔστι μετὰ τὴν Ἰλίου ἅλωσιν ἔτεσι τετρακοσίοις. ἕτεροι δὲ κάτω τὸν χρόνον ὑπήγαγον, σὺν Ἀρχιλόχῳ γεγονέναι τὸν Ὅμηρον εἰπόντες· ὁ δὲ