15. A. Thou speakest rightly; but what I have granted amiss I altogether fail to see: unless perchance that that is rightly called false which has some similitude of the true, since assuredly nothing else occurs to me worthy of the name of false; and yet again I am compelled to confess that those things which are called false are so called by the fact that they differ from the true. From which it resuits that that very dissimilitude is the cause of the falsity. Therefore I am disquieted; for I cannot easily call to mind anything that is engendered by contrary causes. R. What if this is the one and only kind in the universe of things which is so? Or are you ignorant, that in running over the innumerable species of animals, the crocodile alone is found to move its upper jaw in eating; especially as scarcely anything can be discovered so like to another thing, that it is not also in some point unlike it? A. I see that indeed; but when I consider that that which we call false has both something like and something unlike the true, I am not able to make out on which side it chiefly merits the name of false. For if I say: on the side on which it is unlike; there will be nothing which cannot be called false: for there is nothing which is not dissimilar to some thing, which we concede to be true. And again, if I shall say, that it is to be called false on that side on which it is similar; not only will those eggs cry out against us which are true on the very ground of their excessive similarity, but even so I shall not escape from his grasp who may compel me to confess that all things are false because I cannot deny that all things are on some side or other similar to each other. But suppose me not afraid to give this answer, that likeness and unlikeness alike give a right to call anything false; what way of escape wilt thou give me? For none the less will the fatal necessity hang over me of proclaiming all things false; since, as has been said above, all things are found to be both similar, on some side, and dissimilar, on some side, to each other. My only remaining resource would be to declare nothing else false, except what was other than it seemed, unless I shrank from again encountering all those monsters, which I flattered myself that I had long since sailed away from. For a whirlpool again seizes me at unawares, and brings me round to own that to be true which is as it seems. From which it results that without a knower nothing can be true: where I have to fear a shipwreck on deeply hidden rocks, which are true, although unknown. Or, if I shall say that that is true which is, it follows, let who will oppose, that there is nothing false anywhere. And so I see the same breakers before me again, and see that all my patience of thy delays has helped me forward nothing at all.

CAPUT VIII. Unde verum aut falsum.

15. A. Recte dicis; sed quid male concesserim non plane video: nisi forte id recte dici falsum quod habeat aliquam veri similitudinem, cum prorsus mihi nihil aliud dignum falsi nomine occurrat; et rursus tamen cogor fateri eo falsa vocari quae vocantur, quo a veris differunt. Ex quo conficitur eam ipsam dissimilitudinem causam esse falsitatis. Itaque conturbor; non enim mihi facile quidquam venit in mentem, quod contrariis causis gignatur. R. Quid, si hoc unum est in rerum natura genus, et solum quod ita sit? An ignoras, cum per animalium innumerabilia genera cucurreris, solum crocodilum inveniri qui superiorem in mandendo partem moveat; praesertim cum pene reperiri nihil queat ita cuique rei simile, ut non in aliquo etiam dissimile sit? A. Video quidem ista; sed cum considero illud quod falsum vocamus, et simile aliquid habere veri et dissimile, ex qua potius parte meruerit falsi nomen, non valeo discernere. Si enim ex eo quod dissimile est, dixero; nihil erit quod non falsum dici possit: nihil enim est quod non alicui rei dissimile sit, quam veram esse concedimus. Item, si dixero eo quod simile est, falsum appellandum; 0892 non solum ova illa reclamabunt quae vera eo ipso sunt quo simillima, sed etiam sic non effugiam eum qui me coegerit falsa esse omnia confiteri, quod omnia sibi ex aliqua parte similia esse negare non possum. Sed fac me non metuere illud respondere, similitudinem ac dissimilitudinem simul efficere ut aliquid falsum recte nominetur; quam mihi evadendi viam dabis? Instabitur enim nihilominus ut omnia falsa esse renuntiem; quippe omnia sibimet, ut supra dictum est, et similia quadam ex parte, et dissimilia reperiuntur. Restaret ut nihil aliud falsum esse dicerem, nisi quod aliter se haberet atque videretur, ni vererer illa tot monstra quae me dudum enavigasse arbitrabar. Nam eo rursum repellor vertigine inopinata, ut verum id esse dicam quod ita se habet ut videtur. Ex quo confit sine cognitore nihil verum esse posse: ubi mihi naufragium in scopulis occultissimis formidandum est, qui veri sunt, etiamsi nesciantur. Aut, si verum esse id quod est dixero, falsum non esse uspiam concludetur, quovis repugnante. Itaque redeunt illi aestus, nec quidquam tanta patientia morarum tuarum processisse me video.