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joy and grief, and the recognition of the familiar, and lack of food, and separation from its companions, and countless passions it indicates by its voice. But aquatic creatures are not only voiceless, but also untamable, and unteachable, and unsuited for any common life with men. An ox knows its owner and a donkey its master's manger; but a fish would not recognize the one who feeds it. The donkey knows the familiar voice. It knows a road which it has often traveled; and somewhere it even becomes a guide to a man who has lost his way. And no other land animal is said to possess the keen hearing of this creature. And the vengefulness of camels, and their deep anger, and their lasting rage, what sea creature could imitate it? A camel, having once been struck long ago, having stored up its wrath for a long time, when it gets an opportunity, returns the injury. Listen, you ill-tempered ones, who practice bearing grudges as a virtue, whom you are like, when you guard the hurt against your neighbor for so long, like some spark hidden in ashes, until having seized some fuel, you kindle your anger like a flame. 8.2 Let the earth bring forth a living soul. Why does the earth bring forth a living soul? So that you may learn the difference between the soul of a beast and the soul of a man. A little later you will know how the soul of man was constituted; but now hear about the soul of the irrational creatures. Since according to what is written, the soul of every animal is its blood; and blood, when congealed, naturally changes into flesh; and flesh, when it decays, is dissolved into earth; the soul of beasts is reasonably something earthy. Let the earth, therefore, bring forth a living soul. See the sequence from soul to blood, from blood to flesh, from flesh to the earth; and again, reversing through the same things, trace back from earth to flesh, from flesh to blood, from blood to soul; and you will find that the soul of beasts is earth. Do not think that it is older than the substance of their body, nor that it endures after the dissolution of the flesh. Flee the nonsense of the arrogant philosophers, who are not ashamed to posit that their own souls and those of dogs are of the same kind; who say that they themselves were once women and shrubs and sea fish. Now, I would not say whether they were ever fish, but that while they were writing these things they were more irrational than fish, I would most vigorously contend. Let the earth bring forth a living soul. For what reason, when the discourse was running on all at once, did I fall silent for no short time? Perhaps the many are wondering; but surely the more studious of the listeners do not fail to know the cause of the speechlessness. For how could they? who by looking and nodding at each other turned me toward them, and brought to my mind the things that had been omitted. For a whole kind of creation, and not the least, escaped our notice, and the discourse almost went away, leaving it completely unexamined. For, Let the waters bring forth creeping things with living souls according to their kind, and birds that fly over the earth in the firmament of heaven. We spoke about the swimming creatures, as much as the time in the evening permitted; today we have moved on to the examination of the land animals. The winged creature escaped us in the middle. It is necessary, therefore, like forgetful travelers who, whenever they leave something important behind, even if they have advanced far on their journey, turn back on the same road, paying the worthy penalty for their carelessness, the labor of the journey, so we too, it seems, must travel the same way again. For that which was omitted is not to be despised, but it seems to be the third part of the creation among animals, if indeed there are three kinds of animals: the terrestrial, and the winged, and the aquatic. Let the waters, he says, bring forth creeping things with living souls according to their kind, and birds that fly over the earth in the firmament of heaven according to their kind. Why did he give origin from the waters to the winged creatures also? Because there is, as it were, a certain kinship for flying creatures with swimming creatures. For just as fish cleave the water, moving forward by the motion of their fins, and by the turning of their tail, the turns

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χαρὰν καὶ λύπην, καὶ τὴν τοῦ συνήθους ἐπίγνωσιν, καὶ τροφῆς ἔνδειαν, καὶ χωρισμὸν τῶν συννόμων, καὶ μυρία πάθη τῷ φθόγγῳ παραδηλοῖ. Τὰ δὲ ἔνυδρα οὐ μόνον ἄφωνα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀνήμερα, καὶ ἀδίδακτα, καὶ πρὸς πᾶσαν βίου κοινωνίαν ἀνθρώποις ἀμεταχείριστα. Ἔγνω βοῦς τὸν κτησάμενον καὶ ὄνος τὴν φάντην τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ· ἰχθὺς δὲ οὐκ ἂν ἐπιγνοίη τὸν τρέφοντα. Οἶδε τὴν συνήθη φωνὴν ὁ ὄνος. Οἶδεν ὁδὸν ἣν πολλάκις ἐβάδισε· καί που καὶ ὁδηγὸς ἐνίοτε ἀποσφαλέντι γίνεται τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ. Τὸ δὲ ὀξυήκοον τοῦ ζῴου οὐδὲ ἄλλο τι ἔχειν λέγεται τῶν χερσαίων. Τὸ δὲ τῶν καμήλων μνησίκακον, καὶ βαρύμηνι, καὶ διαρκὲς πρὸς ὀργὴν, τί ἂν μιμήσασθαι τῶν θαλαττίων δύναιτο; Πάλαι ποτὲ πληγεῖσα κάμηλος, μακρῷ χρόνῳ ταμιευσαμένη τὴν μῆνιν, ἐπειδὰν εὐκαιρίας λάβηται, τὸ κακὸν ἀντιδίδωσιν. Ἀκούσατε, οἱ βαρύθυμοι, οἱ τὴν μνησικακίαν ὡς ἀρετὴν ἐπιτηδεύοντες, τίνι ἐστὲ ἐμφερεῖς, ὅταν τὴν κατὰ τοῦ πλησίον λύπην, ὥσπερ τινὰ σπινθῆρα κεκρυμμένον ἐν σποδιᾷ, μέχρι τοσούτου φυλάσσετε, ἕως ἂν ὕλης λαβόμενοι, οἷον φλόγα τινὰ τὸν θυμὸν ἀνακαύσητε. 8.2 Ἐξαγαγέτω ἡ γῆ ψυχὴν ζῶσαν. ∆ιὰ τί ἡ γῆ ψυχὴν ζῶσαν ἐξάγει; Ἵνα μάθῃς διαφορὰν ψυχῆς κτήνους καὶ ψυχῆς ἀνθρώπου. Μικρὸν ὕστερον γνώσῃ, πῶς ἡ ψυχὴ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου συνέστη· νῦν δὲ ἄκουε περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀλόγων ψυχῆς. Ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὸ γεγραμμένον, παντὸς ζῴου ἡ ψυχὴ τὸ αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν· αἷμα δὲ παγὲν εἰς σάρκα πέφυκε μεταβάλλειν· ἡ δὲ σὰρξ φθαρεῖσα εἰς γῆν ἀνα λύεται· γεηρά τίς ἐστιν εἰκότως ἡ ψυχὴ τῶν κτηνῶν. Ἐξαγαγέτω οὖν ἡ γῆ ψυχὴν ζῶσαν. Ὅρα τὴν ἀκολουθίαν ψυχῆς πρὸς αἷμα, αἵματος πρὸς σάρκα, σαρκὸς πρὸς τὴν γῆν· καὶ πάλιν ἀναλύσας διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀναπόδισον ἀπὸ γῆς εἰς σάρκα, ἀπὸ σαρκὸς εἰς αἷμα, ἀπὸ αἵματος εἰς ψυχήν· καὶ εὑρήσεις ὅτι γῆ ἐστι τῶν κτηνῶν ἡ ψυχή. Μὴ νόμιζε πρεσβυτέραν εἶναι τῆς τοῦ σώματος αὐτῶν ὑπο στάσεως, μηδὲ ἐπιδιαμένουσαν μετὰ τὴν τῆς σαρκὸς διά λυσιν. Φεῦγε φληνάφους τῶν σοβαρῶν φιλοσόφων, οἳ οὐκ αἰσχύνονται τὰς ἑαυτῶν ψυχὰς καὶ τὰς κυνείας ὁμοειδεῖς ἀλλήλαις τιθέμενοι· οἱ λέγοντες ἑαυτοὺς γεγενῆσθαί ποτε καὶ γυναῖκας καὶ θάμνους καὶ ἰχθύας θαλασσίους. Ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν ἐγένοντό ποτε ἰχθῦς οὐκ ἂν εἴποιμι, ὅτι δὲ ἐν ᾧ ταῦτα ἔγραφον τῶν ἰχθύων ἦσαν ἀλογώτεροι, καὶ πάνυ εὐτόνως διατειναίμην. Ἐξαγαγέτω ἡ γῆ ψυχὴν ζῶσαν. Τίνος ἕνεκεν, τοῦ λόγου τρέχοντος ἀθρόως, ἀπεσιώπησα χρόνον οὐκ ὀλίγον, ἴσως θαυμάζουσιν οἱ πολλοί· ἀλλ' οὐχὶ οἵγε φιλοπονώτεροι τῶν ἀκροατῶν ἀγνοοῦσι τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς ἀφασίας. Πῶς γάρ; οἱ διὰ τοῦ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὁρᾶν καὶ ἐννεύειν ἐπιστρέψαντές με πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς, καὶ εἰς ἔννοιαν ἀγαγόντες τῶν παρεθέντων. Εἶδος γὰρ ὅλον τῆς κτίσεως, καὶ οὐκ ἐλάχιστον τοῦτο, παρέλαθεν ἡμᾶς, καὶ μικροῦ ἀπιὼν ᾤχετο ἀνεξέταστον παντελῶς ὁ λόγος καταλιπών. Ἐξαγαγέτω γὰρ τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετὰ ψυχῶν ζωσῶν κατὰ γένος, καὶ πετεινὰ πετόμενα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς κατὰ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. Εἴπαμεν τὰ περὶ τῶν νηκτῶν, ὅσα ὁ καιρὸς ἐνεδίδου ἑσπέρας· σήμερον μετέβημεν ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν χερσαίων ἐξέτασιν. ∆ιέφυγεν ἡμᾶς τὸ πτηνὸν ἐν τῷ μέσῳ. Ἀνάγκη τοίνυν, κατὰ τοὺς ἐπιλήσμονας τῶν ὁδοιπόρων, οἳ ἐπειδάν τι τῶν καιρίων καταλίπωσι, κἂν ἐπιπολὺ τῆς ὁδοῦ προέλθωσι, πάλιν τὴν αὐτὴν ὑποστρέφουσιν, ἀξίαν τῆς ῥᾳθυμίας δίκην τὸν ἐκ τῆς ὁδοιπορίας κόπον ὑπέχοντες, οὕτω καὶ ἡμῖν, ὡς ἔοικε, τὴν αὐτὴν πάλιν βαδιστέον. Καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ εὐκαταφρόνητόν ἐστι τὸ παρεθὲν, ἀλλὰ τὸ τρίτον ἔοικεν εἶναι τῆς ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις κτίσεως, εἴπερ τρία ζῴων ἐστὶ γένη, τό τε χερσαῖον, καὶ τὸ πτηνὸν, καὶ τὸ ἔνυδρον. Ἐξαγαγέτω, φησὶ, τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετὰ ψυχῶν ζωσῶν κατὰ γένος, καὶ πετεινὰ πετόμενα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς κατὰ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κατὰ γένος. ∆ιὰ τί ἐξ ὑδάτων καὶ τοῖς πτηνοῖς τὴν γένεσιν ἔδωκεν; Ὅτι ὥσπερ συγγένειά τίς ἐστι τοῖς πετομένοις πρὸς τὰ νηκτά. Καὶ γὰρ ὥσπερ οἱ ἰχθῦς τὸ ὕδωρ τέμνουσι, τῇ μὲν κινήσει τῶν πτερύγων εἰς τὸ πρόσω χωροῦντες, τῇ δὲ τοῦ οὐραίου μεταβολῇ τάς τε περιστροφὰς