John Chrysostom, On John

that the virtue of your way of life may be increased. For thus you will be able to lay down the thoughts of the words set before us into their very depth, if no rheum of wickedness overshadows the eyes of the mind, and disturbs its clearsightedness and keenness. What then is set before us today? John bears witness to him, and has cried out, saying: This was he of whom I said, He who comes after me has been made before me, for he was before me. This evangelist is much engaged in turning John up and down, and carrying about his testimony in many places. And he does this not simply, but also very wisely. For since all the Jews had great admiration for this man (for Josephus too attributes the war to his death, and on his account shows that the city which was once a metropolis was no longer a city, and strings together long speeches of praise for him); wishing therefore to put the Jews to shame by him, he constantly reminds them of the Forerunner's testimony. And the other evangelists make mention of the older prophets, and for each of the things that happened to him, they refer the hearer there, both when he is born, saying: Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Isaiah the prophet, saying: Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son; and when he is plotted against, and so meticulously sought after from all sides, that even the untimely age is slaughtered by Herod, bringing Jeremiah into the midst from afar, saying: A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation and weeping, and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children; and remembering Hosea, when he comes up again from Egypt, saying himself also, Out of Egypt have I called my son; and everywhere they do this. But this one, working a clearer and newer testimony, seeing as he spoke with a louder voice than the others, brings not only the departed, nor the dead, but also the one who was living and present, who pointed him out and baptized him, this one he brings into the midst continually; not hastening to make the Master credible by the servant, but condescending to the weakness of the hearers. For just as if he had not taken the form of a servant, he would not have been readily received; so if he had not prepared the ears of his fellow servants by the voice of a servant, the many of the Jews would not have received the word. 2. But in addition to this, another great and wonderful thing was being prepared. For since for one to say something great about himself makes the testimony suspect, and often offends many of the hearers, another comes forward to bear witness about him. And besides these things, also because the many are somehow accustomed to run more toward the more familiar and kindred voice, as they recognize it more than others; for this reason, indeed, the voice from heaven came once or twice, but that of John many times and con 59.88 tinually. For those of the people who had ascended above weakness, and had been freed from all sensible things, were able to hear the voice from above, and did not greatly need the human one, as they were persuaded in all things by it and were led by it; but those who were still turning below and were covered with many veils, needed this humbler one. Thus, at any rate, John also, since he had stripped himself of sensible things from all sides, did not need human teachers, but was taught from the heavens. For he who sent me to baptize, he says, in water, he said to me: Upon whom you shall see the Spirit of God descending, this is he. But the Jews, still children, and not yet able to reach that height, had a human teacher, not telling them his own things, but reporting the things from above. What then does he say? He bears witness to him, and has cried out, saying. What is, 'He has cried out'? With boldness, he says, with freedom, without any reservation he proclaims. And what does he proclaim? What does he bear witness to and cry out? This was he, he says, of whom I said, He who comes after me has been made before me, for he was before me. The testimony is overshadowed, and still much

ἐπιδοθῆναι τῆς πολιτείας ὑμῶν τὴν ἀρετήν. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ τῶν προκειμένων ἡμῖν λόγων εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ βάθος καταθεῖναι δυνήσεσθε τὰ νοήματα, ἂν μηδεμία πονηρίας λήμη τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἐπισκοτῇ τῆς διανοίας, καὶ τὸ διορατικὸν αὐτῆς καὶ ὀξὺ συνταράσσῃ. Τί ποτ' οὖν ἐστι τὸ προκείμενον ἡμῖν σήμερον; Ἰωάννης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ κέκραγε λέγων· Οὗτος ἦν ὃν εἶπον, ὁ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος, ἔμπροσθέν μου γέγονεν, ὅτι πρῶτός μου ἦν. Πολύς ἐστιν οὗτος ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς ἄνω καὶ κάτω τὸν Ἰωάννην στρέφων, καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν αὐτοῦ πολλαχοῦ περιφέρων. Ποιεῖ δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα συνετῶς. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ πολὺ τὸ θαῦμα εἶχον τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τούτου πάντες οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι (καὶ γὰρ καὶ ὁ Ἰώσηπος τῇ τούτου τελευτῇ τὸν πόλεμον λογίζεται, δι' αὐτόν τε δείκνυσι μηδὲ πόλιν εἶναι τήν ποτε μητρόπολιν οὖσαν, καὶ μακροὺς συνείρει περὶ αὐτοῦ λόγους ἐγκωμίων)· ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τοίνυν τοὺς Ἰουδαίους ἐντρέψαι βουλόμενος, συνεχῶς αὐτοὺς ἀναμιμνήσκει τῆς τοῦ Προδρόμου μαρτυρίας. Καὶ οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι εὐαγγελισταὶ τῶν παλαιοτέρων μέμνηνται προφητῶν, καὶ καθ' ἕκαστον τῶν ἐπ' αὐτῷ γινομένων ἐκεῖ παραπέμπουσι τὸν ἀκροατὴν, καὶ ὅταν τίκτηται, λέγοντες· Τοῦτο δὲ ὅλον γέγονεν, ἵνα πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Ἡσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος· Ἰδοὺ ἡ παρθένος ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει, καὶ τέξεται υἱόν· καὶ ὅταν ἐπιβουλεύηται, καὶ πανταχόθεν οὕτως ἀκριβῶς ἀναζητῆται, ὡς καὶ τὴν ἄωρον ἡλικίαν σφάττεσθαι ὑπὸ Ἡρώδου, τὸν Ἱερεμίαν εἰς μέσον πόῤῥωθεν ἄγειν λέγοντα· Φωνὴ ἐν Ῥαμᾶ ἠκούσθη, θρῆνος καὶ κλαυθμὸς, καὶ ὀδυρμὸς πολὺς, Ῥαχὴλ κλαίουσα τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς· καὶ τοῦ Ὠσηὲ μεμνημένοι, ὅταν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου πάλιν ἀναβαίνῃ, Ἐξ Αἰγύπτου, λέγοντα καὶ αὐτὸν, ἐκάλεσα τὸν υἱόν μου· καὶ πανταχοῦ τοῦτο ποιοῦσιν. Οὗτος δὲ τρανοτέραν τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἐργαζόμενος καὶ νεαρωτέραν, ἅτε καὶ μεγαλοφωνότερον τῶν ἄλλων φθεγξάμενος, οὐ τοὺς ἀπελθόντας, οὐδὲ τοὺς τετελευτηκότας μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ζῶντα καὶ παραγενόμενον ὑποδείξαντα καὶ βαπτίσαντα αὐτὸν, τοῦτον εἰς μέσον ἄγει συνεχῶς· οὐ τὸν ∆εσπότην ἀπὸ τοῦ δούλου ποιῆσαι ἀξιόπιστον σπεύδων, ἀλλὰ τῇ τῶν ἀκροατῶν ἀσθενείᾳ συγκαταβαίνων. Ὥσπερ γὰρ εἰ μὴ τὴν τοῦ δούλου μορφὴν ἔλαβεν, οὐκ ἂν εὐπαράδεκτος γέγονεν· οὕτως εἰ μὴ τῇ τοῦ δούλου φωνῇ τὰς ἀκοὰς τῶν ὁμοδούλων προεγύμνασεν, οὐκ ἂν οἵ γε πολλοὶ τῶν Ἰουδαίων τὸν λόγον ἐδέξαντο. βʹ. Πρὸς δὲ τούτῳ καὶ ἕτερον κατεσκευάζετο μέγα τι καὶ θαυμαστόν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὸ αὐτόν τινα περὶ ἑαυτοῦ μέγα τι λέγειν, ὕποπτον ποιεῖ τὴν μαρτυρίαν, καὶ προσίσταται πολλοῖς τῶν ἀκουόντων πολλάκις, ἕτερος περὶ αὐτοῦ παραγίνεται μαρτυρήσων. Χωρὶς δὲ τούτων, καὶ ὅτι εἰώθασί πως οἱ πολλοὶ πρὸς τὴν συνηθεστέραν καὶ σύντροφον αὐτοῖς ἐπιτρέχειν μᾶλλον φωνὴν, ἅτε αὐτὴν μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιγινώσκοντες· διὰ δὴ τοῦτο ἡ μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γέγονεν ἅπαξ ἢ δὶς, ἡ δὲ τοῦ Ἰωάννου πολλάκις καὶ συν 59.88 εχῶς. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀναβεβηκότες τοῦ λαοῦ τὴν ἀσθένειαν, καὶ τῶν αἰσθητῶν ἁπάντων ἀπαλλαγέντες, καὶ τῆς ἄνωθεν ἀκούειν ἠδύναντο φωνῆς, καὶ οὐ σφόδρα τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐδέοντο, ἅτε ἐκείνῃ πάντα πειθόμενοι καὶ ὑπ' αὐτῆς ἤγοντο· οἱ δὲ ἔτι κάτω στρεφόμενοι καὶ πολλοῖς προκαλύμμασι συγκεκαλυμμένοι, τῆς ταπεινοτέρας ταύτης ἐδέοντο. Οὕτω γοῦν καὶ ὁ Ἰωάννης, ἐπειδὴ πάντοθεν ἑαυτὸν ἐγύμνωσε τῶν αἰσθητῶν, οὐκ ἐδεῖτο διδασκάλων ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐπαιδεύετο. Ὁ γὰρ πέμψας με βαπτίζειν, φησὶν, ἐν ὕδατι, ἐκεῖνός μοι εἶπεν· Ἐφ' ὃν ἂν ἴδῃς τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ Θεοῦ καταβαῖνον, οὗτός ἐστιν. Οἱ δὲ ἔτι παῖδες Ἰουδαῖοι, καὶ πρὸς τὸ ὕψος ἐκεῖνο μηδέπω φθάσαι δυνάμενοι, ἄνθρωπον εἶχον διδάσκαλον, οὐ τὰ ἑαυτοῦ αὐτοῖς λέγοντα, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἄνωθεν ἀπαγγέλλοντα. Τί οὖν οὗτός φησιν; Αὐτὸς μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ κέκραγε λέγων. Τί ἐστι τὸ, Κέκραγε; Μετὰ παῤῥησίας, φησὶ, μετὰ ἐλευθερίας, χωρὶς ὑποστολῆς ἁπάσης ἀνακηρύττει. Καὶ τί ἀνακηρύττει; τί δὲ μαρτυρεῖ καὶ κέκραγεν; Οὗτος ἦν, φησὶν, ὃν εἶπον, ὁ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος, ἔμπροσθέν μου γέγονεν, ὅτι πρῶτός μου ἦν. Συνεσκιασμένη ἡ μαρτυρία, καὶ ἔτι πολὺ