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and the promotions are from human command and not from a divine and canonical vote. And alas for my misery, to lament everything. and what person having a feeling heart does not grieve and groan? and what mind pondering these things and putting them together does not confess it to be a heresy, a desertion of Christ? and where am I to say everything that is on my mind and exceed the measure of a letter? what is said is easily comprehended, not elegantly phrased, not hard to understand; on the one hand, because I am not able to speak loftily, but am very insignificant and of few words and of little knowledge, having these very things through the prayer of our common father and of you, and on the other, because some of you are not able to comprehend the heresy in a more dogmatic way, and at the same time because the word of truth is simple and the heresy is manifest and undogmatic and easily comprehended even by a child; for to whom God has spoken, the word is brief. these men do not follow in line, but they even anathematize those who do follow in line. May the Lord give you grace in all things, beloved children. 37 {1To Joseph, archbishop of Thessaloniki}1 Worthy of your humility and wisdom and of your love for me, a wretched man, and of your estimation of me beyond my worth, are the things you have now written to me, shining forth sincere and unmingled truth from your light-filled soul, my thrice-blessed brother-father; which having embraced, I gave thanks to Christ, the fulfiller of my desire, the giver of all good things. And how could it be otherwise, seeing that you are enriched with knowledge and with fitting zeal, and are otherwise a true child of our common father, thinking and being disposed in harmony with us, the least of all? But these things are indeed well, while I have a most welcome hearing of the harmony of us both, by which the ray of truth gleams more brightly and the crookedness, or rather the night-gleam, of those opposed to it is weakened and darkened. But having found in your letters the division of the necessary, forgive me, I was displeased. For this is not of the necessary, but of the contingent, which is divided in three ways: into that which is for the most part, that which is equally so, and that which is for the less part; and of the first, into the present and the future, then a subdivision of the present into the everlasting and into that which is 'as long as it is'. And of that which is 'as long as it is', a sub-division into the subject and the predicate, with the contingent 'for the most part' proceeding to the 'existent', and this to the 'necessary', but not, however, being convertible, even if coming down from there; for it is not that if something is necessary it is also contingent, but if something is contingent 'for the most part', proceeding by means of the existent, it is necessary 'as long as it is'. And so, every man is a grammarian, and a certain man is a grammarian. But the first is contingent, for it is possible for it to happen, while the second is necessary, when it exists in actuality; when he has died, the actuality according to necessity has departed. This is what is meant by 'as long as it is', that is, 'while it is'. And the other, that which is never altered from what it is; such as the everlasting things, an angel and a soul. And indeed we have what was sought. so that it is possible for one convicted under a contingent canon to suffer at times, on account of the man's other wickedness, the penalties of what is laid down according to necessity, but not for the latter the penalties of the contingent; for it is not possible, being already equivalent to the impossible. For everything that is impossible is, conversely, also necessary; for example, it is necessary for the sun to shine, but also impossible for it not to shine. But to say that your holiness at some time did not shine, is entirely at the passion of Christ; for in the night I know not how. But these are portents and not lawful, nor according to the canons, but are either above nature or against nature. And the first is shown by the economy of Christ, but the second by the present transgression, especially as it did not happen in a corner and as if in a digression, but openly and confirmed as law in itself through the synodical act and the exile of those who stand for the truth, as if upon some transgression of the divine canons, on the contrary, but to speak more truly, of a stubborn and wicked heresy. O the boldness of those who did this! For whom how great is the condemnation of the divine laws, or rather of the gospel

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καὶ ἐκ κελεύσματος ἀνθρωπίνου καὶ οὐκ ἐκ ψήφου θείας καὶ κανονικῆς αἱ προβολαί. Καὶ φεῦ μοι τῆς ταλαιπωρίας, πάντα κατατραγῳδεῖν. καὶ τίς ἔχων καρδίαν αἰσθητικὴν οὐκ ἀλγεῖ καὶ στένει; καὶ ποῖος νοῦς ταῦτα ἀναθρώσκων καὶ συμβάλλων οὐχ ὁμολογεῖ αἱρέσεων τὴν ἀποστάτριαν εἶναι Χριστοῦ; καὶ ποῦ μοι πάντα λέγειν τὰ κατὰ νοῦν καὶ ὑπερβαίνειν μέτρον ἐπιστολῆς; εὐσύνοπτα τὰ λεγόμενα, οὐ κεκομψευμένα, οὐ δυσνόητα· τὸ μέν, ὅτι οὐδὲ ἐγὼ ὑψηγορεῖν δυνάμενος, ἀλλὰ καὶ λίαν ὀλίγος καὶ ὀλιγόλογος καὶ βραχύγνωστος, αὐτὰ ταῦτα δι' εὐχῆς τοῦ κοινοῦ πατρὸς καὶ ὑμῶν ἔχων, τὸ δέ, καὶ διὰ τὸ τινὰς ὑμῶν μὴ ἰσχύειν δογματικώτερον καταλαμβάνειν τὴν αἵρεσιν, καὶ ἅμα ὅτι καὶ ἁπλοῦς ὁ λόγος τῆς ἀληθείας ἥ τε αἵρεσις φανερὰ καὶ ἀδογμάτιστος καὶ παιδὶ εὐκατάληπτος· ᾧ γὰρ ὁ θεὸς εἶπε, σύντομος ὁ λόγος. οὗτοι οὐ στοιχοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ στοιχοῦντας ἀναθεματίζουσι. ∆ῴη δὲ ὑμῖν χάριν ὁ Κύριος ἐπὶ πᾶσιν, ἀγαπητὰ τέκνα. 37 {1Ἰωσὴφ ἀρχιεπισκόπῳ Θεσσαλονίκησ}1 Ἄξια τῆς ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ σοφίας σου τῆς τε πρός με τὸν ταλαίπωρον ἀγάπης καὶ ὑπὲρ ἀξίαν μου ἀποτιμήσεώς σου τὰ νῦν μοι ἐπεσταλμένα, εἰλικρινῆ καὶ ἀσύμφυρτον τηλαυγοῦντα ἐκ τῆς φωτοειδοῦς σου ψυχῆς, τρισόλβιέ μου ἀδελφοπάτορ, τὴν ἀλήθειαν· ἣν ἀσπασάμενος ηὐχαρίστησα τῷ ἀποπληρωτῇ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας μου Χριστῷ, τῷ τῶν καλῶν ἁπάντων δοτῆρι. καὶ πῶς γε οὐχί, γνώσεώς σε πεπλουτισμένον ὄντα καὶ ζήλου τοῦ προσήκοντος, ἄλλως τε τέκνον ἀληθινὸν τοῦ κοινοῦ πατρός, συνῳδὰ ἡμῖν τοῖς ἐλαχίστοις καὶ φρονεῖν καὶ συνδιατίθεσθαι; Ἀλλ' εὖ γε μὲν ταῦτα, εὐκταιότερον ἔχοντός μου τοῦ ἀνακούστου τῶν ἀμφοτέρων ὁμοφωνίαν, δι' ἣν ἥ τε τῆς ἀληθείας ἀκτὶς μαρμαίρει λαμπρότερον καὶ ἡ τῶν ἀντιδιατιθεμένων αὐτῇ σκολιότης, μᾶλλον δὲ νυκταυγία, ἀπονευροῦταί τε καὶ ἀποζοφοῦται. εὑρηκὼς δὲ ἐν τοῖς γράμμασι τὴν τοῦ ἀναγκαίου διαίρεσιν, σύγγνωθι, ἀπηνεώθην. οὐ γὰρ αὕτη τοῦ ἀναγκαίου, τοῦ δὲ ἐνδεχομένου, ὃ διῄρηται τριχῶς, εἴς τε τὸ ἐπὶ πλέον, ἐπ' ἴσης καὶ ἐπ' ἔλαττον· τοῦ δὲ προτέρου εἴς τε τὸ παρὸν καὶ ἐσόμενον, εἶτα τοῦ παρόντος ἐπιδιαίρεσις εἰς ἀΐδιον καὶ εἰς τὸ ἔστ' ἂν ᾖ. τοῦ δὲ ἔστ' ἂν ᾖ ὑποδιαίρεσις εἰς τὸ ὑποκείμενον καὶ κατηγορούμενον, τοῦ ὡς ἐπὶ πολὺ ἐνδεχομένου χωροῦντος εἰς τὸ ὑπάρχον, τοῦ δὲ εἰς τὸ ἀναγκαῖον, οὐ μὴν ἀντιστρέφοντος, εἰ καὶ ἐκεῖθεν κατιόντας· οὐ γὰρ εἴ τι ἀναγκαῖον ἤδη καὶ ἐνδεχόμενον, εἴ τι δὲ τὸ ὡς ἐπὶ πολὺ ἐνδεχόμενον, ὁδεῦον διὰ μέσου τοῦ ὑπάρχοντος ἔστ' ἂν ᾖ ἀναγκαῖον. καὶ γοῦν πᾶς ἄνθρωπος γραμματικός, καί τις ἄνθρωπος γραμματικός. ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐνδεχόμενον, δυνατὸν γὰρ γενέσθαι, τὸ δὲ δεύτερον ἀναγκαῖον, ἐπὰν ἔστιν ἐνεργείᾳ· οὗ θανέντος ἀπέστη ἡ κατὰ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον ἐνέργεια. τοῦτό φησιν ἔστ' ἂν ᾖ, τὸ ἕως ἂν ᾖ ἤτοι. τὸ δὲ ἕτερον, τὸ μήποτε τοῦθ' ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀλλοιούμενον· οἷα τὰ ἀΐδια, ἄγγελος καὶ ψυχή. καί γε ἔχομεν τὸ ζητούμενον. ὥστε τὸν ἁλόντα ἐνδεχομένῳ κανόνι πείσεσθαι ἔστιν ὅτε διὰ τὴν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἄλλην μοχθηρίαν τὰ τοῦ κατὰ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον κειμένου, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ τοῦδε τὰ τοῦ κατὰ τὸ ἐνδεχόμενον· οὐ γὰρ ἐνδέχεται, ἰσορροποῦντος ἤδη τῷ ἀδυνάτῳ. πᾶν γὰρ ὃ ἀδύνατον, ἀντεστραμμένως καὶ ἀναγκαῖον· οἷον, ἀναγκαῖον τὸν ἥλιον λάμπειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀδύνατον μὴ λάμπειν. τὸ δὲ φάναι τὴν ἁγιωσύνην σού ποτε μὴ λάμψαι, πάντως ἐπὶ τοῦ πάθους τοῦ Χριστοῦ· ἐν νυκτὶ γὰρ οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως. ταῦτα δὲ τέρατα καὶ οὐκ ἔννομα, οὐδὲ ἐγκάνονα, ἀλλ' ἢ ὑπὲρ φύσιν ἢ παρὰ φύσιν. καὶ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον δηλοῖ ἡ Χριστοῦ οἰκονομία, τὸ δὲ δεύτερον ἡ νῦν παρανομία, μάλιστα οὐκ ἐν ἀποβύστῳ καὶ ὡς ἐν παρεκδρομῇ γεναμένη, ἀλλ' ἐμφανῶς καὶ εἰς νόμον κρατυνθεῖσα τὸ καθ' αὑτὴν διὰ τῆς συνοδικῆς πράξεως καὶ τῆς τῶν ὑπὲρ ἀληθείας ἐνισταμένων ἐξορίσεως, ὡς ἐπί τινος τοὐναντίον θείων κανόνων παραβάσεως, τἀληθέστερον δὲ εἰπεῖν στιβαρᾶς καὶ πονηρᾶς αἱρέσεως. Ὢ τῆς τόλμης τῶν δρασάντων· οἷς ὅσον τὸ κατάκριμα τῆς τῶν θείων νόμων, μᾶλλον δὲ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου