John Chrysostom, On John

For on the contrary, if he wished to declare this, he should have said, that He who comes after me was before me, because he also came to be before me. For one might reasonably give the cause of being born first for his being first; but his being first is not the cause of his being born first. But what we say would be very reasonable. For surely you all know this, that it is not the clear things, but the unclear things that always need a cause. If the discussion were about existence, it would not have been unclear that the one born first ought to be first; but since he is discoursing about honor, he reasonably solves what seems to be a difficulty. For it was likely that many would be at a loss, from where and from what pretext he who came later became before; that is, appeared more honorable. Therefore, he immediately gives the cause for this question; and the cause is his being first. For it was not by any advancement, he says, that having been first he cast me behind and became before, but 'He was before me,' even if he comes later. And how, he says, if the discourse was about his manifestation to men, and of the glory that was to follow from them, does he speak of what has not yet reached its end as if it had already happened? For he did not say, 'He will become,' but, 'He has become.' Because this has been the custom for prophets from of old, to discourse in many places about future things as if they had already happened. 59.90 At least Isaiah, speaking of his slaughter, did not say, 'He will be led as a sheep to the slaughter,' which would refer to the future; but, 'He was led as a sheep to the slaughter'; and yet he was not yet incarnate, but nevertheless the Prophet speaks of what was to be as if it had already happened. And David, signifying the cross, did not say, 'They will pierce my hands and my feet'; but, 'They pierced my hands and my feet'; and, 'They parted my garments among them, and for my clothing they cast lots.' And discoursing about the traitor who was not yet born, he says something like this: 'He who eats my bread has lifted up his heel against me.' Likewise also concerning the things that happened on the cross he says: 'They gave me gall for my food, and for my thirst they gave me vinegar to drink.' 4. Do you wish that we should add what follows, or are these things sufficient? I for my part think so. For even if we have not excavated the passage in breadth, we have at least dug it out in depth; and this has no less labor than that; and we fear lest by straining you beyond measure, we should cause you to fall away. Therefore, let us put a fitting end to the discourse. And what is fitting? A doxology suitable to God; and what is suitable is not only that through words, but much more that through deeds. 'For let your light,' he says, 'shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father who is in heaven.' For indeed nothing is brighter than a most excellent life, beloved. Declaring this, one of the wise men also says: 'But the ways of the just shine like light.' And they shine not only for those themselves who kindle the light through their works and guide to the right way, but also for those who are near them. Let us therefore pour the oil on these lamps, so that the fire may become higher, so that the light may appear rich. For this oil has great strength not only now; but when sacrifices also flourished, it surpassed their power in great measure; 'For I desire mercy,' he says, 'and not sacrifice,' and very reasonably. For that altar is lifeless, but this one is living; and there indeed all that is laid upon it becomes the expense of the fire, and ends in dust, and is scattered into ashes, and the smoke is resolved into the nature of the air; but here there is nothing of the sort; but it bears other fruits. And Paul made these things clear, saying (for when recounting the treasures of the Corinthians' love for the poor, he wrote thus): 'For the administration of this service is not only supplying the needs of the saints, but is also abounding through many thanksgivings to God;' and again, 'glorifying God for the obedience of your confession unto the Gospel, and for the liberality of your contribution unto them and unto all,' 'and by their prayer for you, who long after you.' You see into

Τοὐναντίον γὰρ, εἰ τοῦτο ἐβούλετο δηλῶσαι, ἐχρῆν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι Ὁ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος, πρῶτός μου ἦν, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἔμπροσθέν μου γέγονε. Τοῦ μὲν γὰρ πρῶτον εἶναι εἰκότως ἄν τις ταύτην δοίη τὴν αἰτίαν τὴν τοῦ γενέσθαι· τοῦ δὲ πρῶτον γενέσθαι, οὐκ ἔτι τὸ πρῶτον εἶναι αἴτιον. Ὃ δὲ ἡμεῖς λέγομεν σφόδρα ἂν ἔχοι λόγον. Ἴστε γὰρ δήπου τοῦτο πάντες, ὅτι οὐ τὰ δῆλα, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἄδηλα ἀεὶ αἰτιολογίας δεῖται. Εἰ δὲ περὶ οὐσιώσεως ὁ λόγος ἦν, οὐκ ἦν ἄδηλον, ὅτι πρῶτον γενόμενον πρῶτον ἔδει εἶναι· ἐπειδὴ δὲ περὶ τιμῆς διαλέγεται, εἰκότως τὴν δοκοῦσαν ἀπορίαν εἶναι λύει. Καὶ γὰρ εἰκὸς ἦν πολλοὺς ἀπορεῖν, πόθεν καὶ ἐκ ποίας προφάσεως ὁ ὕστερον ἐρχόμενος ἔμπροσθεν γέγονε· τουτέστιν, ἐντιμότερος ἐφάνη. Ταύτης τοίνυν τῆς ζητήσεως τίθησιν εὐθέως τὴν αἰτίαν· ἡ δὲ αἰτία, τὸ πρῶτον εἶναι αὐτόν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἔκ τινος, φησὶ, προκοπῆς πρῶτόν με ὄντα ὀπίσω ῥίψας ἔμπροσθεν γέγονεν, ἀλλὰ Πρῶτός μου ἦν, εἰ καὶ ὕστερος παραγίνεται. Καὶ πῶς, φησὶν, εἰ περὶ τῆς ἐκφάνσεως τῆς εἰς ἀνθρώπους ἦν, καὶ τῆς μελλούσης ἕψεσθαι παρ' αὐτῶν δόξης ὁ λόγος, τὸ μηδέπω τέλος εἰληφὸς ὡς ἤδη γεγενημένον λέγει; οὐ γὰρ εἶπε, Γενήσεται, ἀλλὰ, Γέγονεν. Ὅτι ἔθος τοῦτο τοῖς προφητεύουσιν ἄνωθέν ἐστιν, ὡς περὶ γεγενημένων πολλαχοῦ περὶ τῶν μελλόντων 59.90 διαλέγεσθαι. Ὁ γοῦν Ἡσαΐας περὶ τῆς σφαγῆς αὐτοῦ λέγων, οὐκ εἶπεν, Ὡς πρόβατον ἐπὶ σφαγὴν ἀχθήσεται, ὅπερ ἦν μέλλοντος· ἀλλ', Ὡς πρόβατον ἐπὶ σφαγὴν ἤχθη· καίτοι οὐδέπω σαρκωθεὶς ἦν, ἀλλ' ὅμως τὸ ἐσόμενον ὁ Προφήτης ὡς γεγενημένον λέγει. Καὶ ὁ ∆αυῒδ τὸν σταυρὸν δηλῶν, οὐκ εἶπεν, Ὀρύξουσι χεῖράς μου καὶ πόδας· ἀλλ', Ὤρυξαν χεῖράς μου καὶ πόδας· καὶ, ∆ιεμερίσαντο τὰ ἱμάτιά μου, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν ἱματισμόν μου ἔβαλον κλῆρον. Καὶ περὶ τοῦ προδότου διαλεγόμενος τοῦ μηδέπω γεννηθέντος, οὕτω πώς φησιν· Ὁ ἐσθίων ἄρτους μου, ἐμεγάλυνεν ἐπ' ἐμὲ πτερνισμόν. Ὁμοίως καὶ περὶ τῶν ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ γενομένων λέγει· Ἔδωκαν εἰς τὸ βρῶμά μου χολὴν, καὶ εἰς τὴν δίψαν μου ἐπότισάν με ὄξος. δʹ. Βούλεσθε καὶ τὸ ἑξῆς ἐπαγάγωμεν, ἢ καὶ ταῦτα ἀπόχρη; Ἔγωγε οἶμαι. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ μὴ κατὰ πλάτος διωρύξαμεν τὸ χωρίον, ὅμως γ' οὖν κατὰ βάθος διεσκάψαμεν· οὐκ ἐλάττονα δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ἐκείνου πόνον ἔχει· καὶ δεδοίκαμεν μὴ κατατείναντες ὑμᾶς ἀμέτρως, ποιήσωμεν ἀναπεσεῖν. ∆ιὸ τέλος ἐπιθῶμεν τῷ λόγῳ τὸ προσῆκον. Ποῖον δέ ἐστι τὸ προσῆκον; ∆οξολογία ἡ πρέπουσα τῷ Θεῷ· πρέπει δὲ οὐχ ἡ διὰ τῶν ῥημάτων μόνον, ἀλλὰ πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἡ διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων. Λαμψάτω γὰρ ὑμῶν τὸ φῶς, φησὶν, ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἵνα ἴδωσιν ὑμῶν τὰ καλὰ ἔργα, καὶ δοξάσωσι τὸν Πατέρα ὑμῶν τὸν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς. Καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲν φωτεινότερον τῆς ἀρίστης πολιτείας, ἀγαπητέ. Τοῦτο δηλῶν καί τίς φησι τῶν σοφῶν· Αἱ δὲ ὁδοὶ τῶν δικαίων ὁμοίως φωτὶ λάμπουσι. Λάμπουσι δὲ οὐκ αὐτοῖς μόνον τοῖς τὸ φῶς ἀνάπτουσι διὰ τῶν ἔργων, καὶ ὁδηγοῦσι πρὸς τὴν ὀρθὴν ὁδὸν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς πλησίον οὖσιν ἐκείνων. Ἐκχέωμεν τοίνυν τὸ ἔλαιον ταῖς λαμπάσι ταύταις, ὥστε μετεωρότερον γενέσθαι τὸ πῦρ, ὥστε πλούσιον φανῆναι τὸ φῶς. Τὸ γὰρ ἔλαιον τοῦτο οὐ νῦν μόνον πολλὴν ἔχει τὴν ἰσχύν· ἀλλ' ὅτε καὶ αἱ θυσίαι ἤνθουν, παρευδοκίμησε πολλῷ τῷ τρόπῳ τὴν ἐκείνων δύναμιν· Ἔλεον γὰρ, φησὶ, θέλω καὶ οὐ θυσίαν καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. Ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ ἄψυχον τὸ θυσιαστήριον, τοῦτο δὲ ἔμψυχον· κἀκεῖ μὲν τὸ ἐπικείμενον ἅπαν τοῦ πυρὸς γίνεται δαπάνη, καὶ τελευτᾷ εἰς κόνιν, καὶ διαχεῖται εἰς τέφραν, καὶ εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἀέρος ὁ καπνὸς ἀναλύεται φύσιν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον· ἀλλ' ἑτέρους φέρει τοὺς καρπούς. Καὶ ταῦτα ὁ Παῦλος ἐδήλωσε λέγων (τῆς γὰρ φιλοπτωχίας τῶν Κορινθίων τοὺς θησαυροὺς διηγούμενος, οὕτως ἔγραφεν)· Ὅτι ἡ διακονία τῆς λειτουργίας ταύτης οὐ μόνον ἐστὶ προσαναπληροῦσα τὰ ὑστερήματα τῶν ἁγίων, ἀλλὰ καὶ περισσεύουσα διὰ πολλῶν εὐχαριστιῶν τῷ Θεῷ· καὶ πάλιν, ∆οξάζοντες τὸν Θεὸν ἐπὶ τῇ ὑποταγῇ τῆς ὁμολογίας ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον, καὶ ἁπλότητι τῆς κοινωνίας τῆς εἰς αὐτοὺς καὶ εἰς πάντας, καὶ τῇ αὐτῶν δεήσει ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐπιποθούντων ὑμᾶς. Ὁρᾷς εἰς