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that at that time no crow appears at all, then, that returning with wounds they bring clear signs of their alliance and support. Who among them defined the laws of hospitality? Who threatened them with a charge of desertion, so that not one is left behind from the escort? Let the inhospitable hear, they who close their doors and do not share even a roof in winter and at night with visitors. The care of the storks for their aged would be sufficient to make our children lovers of their fathers, if they were willing to pay attention. For surely no one is so lacking in sense as not to judge it worthy of shame to be inferior in virtue to the most irrational of birds. They, standing around their father who has lost his feathers from old age, warm him with their own wings, and providing food abundantly, they offer what help they can even in flight, gently lifting him with their wings on either side. And this is so famed among all, that some now call the requital of benefits "stork's-return." Let no one lament poverty; nor let him who has left no abundance at home despair of his life, looking to the resourcefulness of the swallow. For she, when building her nest, carries the twigs in her mouth; but being unable to lift mud with her feet, after wetting the tips of her wings with water, and then rolling in the finest dust, she thus provides for the need of mud; and little by little binding the twigs to one another with the mud as with a kind of glue, she rears her young in it; and if someone should gouge out their eyes, she has a certain medicine from nature, by which she restores the sight of her offspring to health. Let these things admonish you, not to turn to evil-doing because of poverty; nor in the most difficult sufferings, having cast away all hope, to lie idle and inactive; but to flee to God, who, if he grants such great things to a swallow, how much greater things will he give to those who cry out to him with their whole heart? The kingfisher is a sea bird. It is its nature to nest right by the shores, laying its eggs upon the sand itself; and it nests somewhere in the middle of winter, when the sea dashes against the land with many and violent winds. But nevertheless all winds are lulled to sleep, and the sea wave is still, when the kingfisher incubates for seven days. For in that many days alone it hatches its young. And since they also need food, the great-giving God has granted another seven for the growth of the young to this tiniest of creatures. So that all sailors also know this, and call those days the halcyon days. These things have been ordained for you as an encouragement to ask from God the things for salvation, through God's providence for the irrational creatures. What of wonders would not happen for your sake, you who have been made in the image of God, when for the sake of so small a bird the great and terrible sea is restrained, commanded to keep a calm in the midst of winter? 8.6 They say that the turtledove, once separated from her mate, no longer accepts union with another, but remains unpaired, renouncing union with another in memory of the one to whom she was once yoked. Let women hear how the dignity of widowhood, even among irrational creatures, is more honored than the indecency in polygamy. The eagle is most unjust in the rearing of its young. For having hatched two chicks, it dashes one of them to the ground, pushing it away with blows of its wings; and taking up the other one alone, it claims it as its own, disowning the one it bore because of the labor of feeding it. But, as they say, the lammergeier does not allow this one to perish; but taking it up, it rears it together with its own young. Such are those parents who expose their infants on the pretext of poverty; or who are also most unequal toward their offspring in the distribution of the inheritance. For it is just that, as they have equally imparted to each their being, so also equally the resources for living

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φαίνεσθαι ὑπὸ τὸν καιρὸν ἐκεῖνον κορώνην παντάπασιν, ἔπειθ' ὅτι μετὰ τραυμάτων ἐπανερχόμεναι ἐναργῆ τοῦ συνασπισμοῦ καὶ τῆς ἐπιμαχίας τὰ σημεῖα κομίζουσι. Τίς παρ' αὐταῖς τοὺς τῆς φιλοξενίας διώρισε νόμους; Τίς αὐταῖς ἠπείλησε λειποστρατίου γραφὴν, ὡς μηδεμίαν ἀπολείπεσθαι τῆς προπομπῆς. Ἀκουέ τωσαν οἱ κακόξενοι, καὶ τὰς θύρας κλείοντες, καὶ μηδὲ στέγης ἐν χειμῶνι καὶ νυκτὶ τοῖς ἐπιδημοῦσι μεταδιδόντες. Ἡ δὲ περὶ τοὺς γηράσαντας τῶν πελαργῶν πρόνοια ἐξήρκει τοὺς παῖδας ἡμῶν, εἰ προσέχειν ἐβούλοντο, φιλοπάτορας καταστῆσαι. Πάντως γὰρ οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἐλλείπων κατὰ τὴν φρόνησιν, ὡς μὴ αἰσχύνης ἄξιον κρίνειν τῶν ἀλογωτάτων ὀρνίθων ὑστερίζειν κατ' ἀρετήν. Ἐκεῖνοι τὸν πατέρα ὑπὸ τοῦ γήρως πτερορρυήσαντα περιστάντες ἐν κύκλῳ τοῖς οἰκείοις πτεροῖς διαθάλπουσι, καὶ τὰς τροφὰς ἀφθόνως παρασκευάζοντες, τὴν δυνατὴν καὶ ἐν τῇ πτήσει παρέχονται βοήθειαν, ἠρέμα τῷ πτερῷ κουφίζοντες ἑκατέρωθεν. Καὶ οὕτω τοῦτο παρὰ πᾶσι διαβεβόηται, ὥστε ἤδη τινὲς τὴν τῶν εὐεργετημάτων ἀντίδοσιν ἀντιπελάργωσιν ὀνομάζουσι. Μηδεὶς πενίαν ὀδυρέσθω· μηδὲ ἀπογινωσκέτω ἑαυτοῦ τὴν ζωὴν, ὁ μηδεμίαν οἴκοι περιουσίαν καταλιπὼν, πρὸς τὸ τῆς χελιδόνος εὐμήχανον ἀποβλέπων. Ἐκείνη γὰρ τὴν καλιὰν πηγνυμένη, τὰ μὲν κάρφη τῷ στόματι διακομίζει· πηλὸν δὲ τοῖς ποσὶν ἆραι μὴ δυναμένη, τὰ ἄκρα τῶν πτερῶν ὕδατι καταβρέξασα, εἶτα τῇ λεπτοτάτῃ κόνει ἐνειληθεῖσα, οὕτως ἐπινοεῖ τοῦ πηλοῦ τὴν χρείαν· καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν ἀλλήλοις τὰ κάρφη οἷον κόλλῃ τινὶ τῷ πηλῷ συνδήσασα, ἐν αὐτῇ τοὺς νεοττοὺς ἐκτρέφει· ὧν ἐάν τις ἐκκεντήσῃ τὰ ὄμματα, ἔχει τινὰ παρὰ τῆς φύσεως ἰατρικὴν, δι' ἧς πρὸς ὑγείαν ἐπανάγει τῶν ἐκγόνων τὰς ὄψεις. Ταῦτά σε νουθετείτω, μὴ διὰ πενίαν πρὸς κακουργίαν τρέπεσθαι· μηδὲ ἐν τοῖς χαλεπωτάτοις πάθεσι πᾶσαν ἐλπίδα ῥίψαντα, ἄπρακτον κεῖσθαι καὶ ἀνενέργητον· ἀλλ' ἐπὶ Θεὸν κατα φεύγειν, ὃς εἰ χελιδόνι τὰ τηλικαῦτα χαρίζεται, πόσῳ μείζονα δώσει τοῖς ἐξ ὅλης καρδίας ἐπιβοωμένοις αὐτόν; Ἁλκυών ἐστι θαλάττιον ὄρνεον. Αὕτη παρ' αὐτοὺς νοσσεύειν τοὺς αἰγιαλοὺς πέφυκεν, ἐπ' αὐτῆς τὰ ὠὰ τῆς ψάμμου καταθεμένη· καὶ νοσσεύει κατὰ μέσον που τὸν χειμῶνα, ὅτε πολλοῖς καὶ βιαίοις ἀνέμοις ἡ θάλασσα τῇ γῇ προσαράσ σεται. Ἀλλ' ὅμως κοιμίζονται μὲν πάντες ἄνεμοι, ἡσυχάζει δὲ κῦμα θαλάσσιον, ὅταν ἁλκυὼν ἐπωάζῃ τὰς ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας. Ἐν τοσαύταις γὰρ μόναις ἐκλεπίζει τοὺς νεοττούς. Ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ τροφῆς αὐτοῖς χρεία, ἄλλας ἑπτὰ πρὸς τὴν τῶν νεοττῶν αὔξησιν ὁ μεγαλόδωρος Θεὸς τῷ μικροτάτῳ ζῴῳ παρέσχετο. Ὥστε καὶ ναυτικοὶ πάντες ἴσασι τοῦτο, καὶ ἁλκυονίδας τὰς ἡμέρας ἐκείνας προσαγορεύουσι. Ταῦτά σοι εἰς προτροπὴν τοῦ αἰτεῖν παρὰ Θεοῦ τὰ πρὸς σωτη ρίαν διὰ τῆς περὶ τὰ ἄλογα τοῦ Θεοῦ προνοίας νενομοθέτηται. Τί οὐκ ἂν γένοιτο τῶν παραδόξων ἕνεκεν σοῦ, ὃς κατ' εἰκόνα γέγονας τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὅπουγε ὑπὲρ ὄρνιθος οὕτω μικρᾶς ἡ μεγάλη καὶ φοβερὰ κατέχεται θάλασσα, ἐν μέσῳ χειμῶνι γαλήνην ἄγειν ἐπιταχθεῖσα; 8.6 Τὴν τρυγόνα φασὶ διαζευχθεῖσάν ποτε τοῦ ὁμόζυγος, μηκέτι τὴν πρὸς ἕτερον καταδέχεσθαι κοινωνίαν, ἀλλὰ μένειν ἀσυνδύαστον, μνήμῃ τοῦ ποτὲ συζευχθέντος τὴν πρὸς ἕτερον κοινωνίαν ἀπαρνουμένην. Ἀκουέτωσαν αἱ γυναῖκες, ὅπως τὸ σεμνὸν τῆς χηρείας, καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἀλόγοις, τοῦ ἐν ταῖς πολυγαμίαις ἀπρεποῦς προτιμότερον. Ἀδικώτατος περὶ τὴν τῶν ἐκγόνων ἐκτροφὴν ὁ ἀετός. ∆ύο γὰρ ἐξαγαγὼν νεοσσοὺς, τὸν ἕτερον αὐτῶν εἰς γῆν καταρρήγνυσι, ταῖς πληγαῖς τῶν πτερῶν ἀπωθούμενος· τὸν δὲ ἕτερον μόνον ἀναλαβὼν, οἰκειοῦται, διὰ τὸ τῆς τροφῆς ἐπίπονον ἀποποιούμενος ὃν ἐγέννησεν. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐᾷ τοῦτον, ὥς φασι, διαφθαρῆναι ἡ φήνη· ἀλλ' ὑπολαβοῦσα αὐτὸν τοῖς οἰκείοις ἑαυτῆς νεοσσοῖς συνεκτρέφει. Τοιοῦτοι, τῶν γονέων, οἱ ἐπὶ προφάσει πενίας ἐκτιθέμενοι τὰ νήπια· ἢ καὶ ἐν τῇ διανομῇ τοῦ κλήρου ἀνισότατοι πρὸς τὰ ἔκγονα. ∆ίκαιον γὰρ, ὥσπερ ἐξ ἴσου μεταδεδώκασιν ἑκάστῳ τοῦ εἶναι, οὕτω καὶ τὰς πρὸς τὸ ζῆν ἀφορμὰς ἴσως