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the rich man having overlooked; for he too, since he was destitute of this alliance, both wailing and supplicating much, was pitied neither by the patriarch nor by any other, but remained continually tormented without any pardon. For this reason he says, As we have opportunity, let us do good, and to all; and in this way especially delivering from the Jewish meanness. For among them, all acts of humanity were for their countrymen; but the philosophy of grace calls both land and sea to the table of almsgiving, even if it shows greater zeal for those of the household. See with what large letters I have written to you with my own hand. Those who desire to make a good showing in the flesh, they compel you to be circumcised. Consider how much pain possessed that blessed soul.

For just as those who have fallen into some mourning, or have lost one of their own, and endure some unexpected things, are at rest neither by night nor by day, as grief besieges their soul; so also the blessed Paul, having said a few things about 61.678 morals, returns again to the former topics, which most disturbed his soul, speaking thus: See with what large letters I have written to you with my own hand. Here he hints at nothing else, but that he himself wrote the entire Epistle; which was a sign of great affection. For in the case of the others, he dictated, but another wrote; and this is clear from the Epistle to the Romans; for toward the end he says, I, Tertius, who wrote the Epistle, greet you; but here he himself wrote it all. And he did this here necessarily, not only out of love, but also for the refutation of the evil suspicion. For since he was being slandered for things in which he had no part, and was said to be preaching circumcision and to be acting hypocritically, as though not preaching it, for this reason he was compelled to make the Epistle an autograph, setting forth a written testimony in advance. But the "with what large letters," it seems to me, he says, indicating not the size, but the misshapenness of the letters, as if to say, "Though not knowing how to write very well, I was nevertheless compelled to write by myself, so as to shut the mouths of the slanderers." Those who wish to make a good showing in the flesh, they compel you to be circumcised, only that they may not be persecuted for the cross of Christ. For not even they who are circumcised keep the law themselves, but they want you to be circumcised, that they may boast in your flesh. Here he shows that they are not enduring this willingly, but are compelled, providing them an occasion for withdrawal, and almost making a defense for them, and exhorting them to leap away quickly. And what is it, To make a good showing in the flesh? To be well thought of among men. For since they were reproached by the Jews as having apostatized from the ancestral customs. "So that they may not be accused of these things," he says, "they wish to ruin you, making their defense to those people through your flesh." And he said these things, showing that they did not do these things for God's sake. As if he were to say: "The reason for what is happening is not piety; since all these things are done for the sake of human ambition, for the sake of pleasing unbelievers, because the faithful are being cut down, and they choose to offend God, in order to please men." For this is, To make a good showing in the flesh. Then, showing that they are also deprived of pardon from another quarter, he convicts them again, as commanding these things not only for the sake of pleasing others, but also for their own vainglory. Therefore he also added, That they may boast in your flesh, as having disciples, and being teachers. And what is the proof of these things? For not even they themselves keep the law, he says. For especially, even if they did keep it, they would thus be worthy of accusation; but now their purpose is also corrupt. But for me, he says, not in

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παριδὼν πλούσιος· καὶ γὰρ κἀκεῖνος, ἐπειδὴ ταύτης ἔρημος ἦν τῆς συμμαχίας, καὶ ὀλοφυρόμενος καὶ ἱκετεύσας πολλὰ, οὐ παρὰ τοῦ πατριάρχου, οὐ παρὰ ἄλλου τινὸς ἠλεεῖτο, ἀλλ' ἔμενε διηνεκῶς ἀποτηγανιζόμενος χωρὶς συγγνώμης ἁπάσης. ∆ιὰ ταῦτά φησιν, Ὡς καιρὸν ἔχομεν, ἐργαζώμεθα τὸ ἀγαθὸν, καὶ πρὸς πάντας· καὶ ταύτῃ μάλιστα ἀπαλλάττων τῆς Ἰουδαϊκῆς ταπεινότητος. Ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ τὰ τῆς φιλανθρωπίας ἅπαντα πρὸς τοὺς ὁμοφύλους ἦν· ἡ δὲ τῆς χάριτος φιλοσοφία γῆν ὁμοῦ καὶ θάλατταν ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς ἐλεημοσύνης καλεῖ τράπεζαν, εἰ καὶ πλείονα περὶ τοὺς οἰκείους τὴν σπουδὴν ἐπιδείκνυται. Ἴδετε πηλίκοις ὑμῖν γράμμασιν ἔγραψα τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί. Ὅσοι θέλουσιν εὐπροσωπεῖν ἐν σαρκὶ, οὗτοι ἀναγκάζουσιν ὑμᾶς περιτέμνεσθαι. Ἐννόησον, ὅση κατέχει τὴν μακαρίαν ἐκείνην ψυχὴν ὀδύνη.

Καθάπερ γὰρ οἱ πένθει τινὶ περιπεσόντες, ἤ τινα τῶν γνησίων ἀποβαλόντες, καί τινα τῶν ἀδοκήτων ὑπομένοντες, οὔτε νύκτωρ ἡσυχάζουσι, οὔτε μεθ' ἡμέραν, τοῦ πένθους αὐτοῖς τὴν ψυχὴν πολιορκοῦντος· οὕτω καὶ ὁ μακάριος Παῦλος εἰπὼν ὀλίγα περὶ 61.678 τῶν ἠθῶν, πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ πρότερα ἐπανέρχεται, ἃ μάλιστα αὐτοῦ τὴν ψυχὴν διετάραττε, λέγων οὕτως· Ἴδετε πηλίκοις ὑμῖν γράμμασιν ἔγραψα τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί. Ἐνταῦθα οὐδὲν ἄλλο αἰνίττεται, ἀλλ' ὅτι αὐτὸς ἔγραψε τὴν Ἐπιστολὴν ἅπασαν· ὃ πολλῆς γνησιότητος σημεῖον ἦν. Ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ τῶν ἄλλων ὑπηγόρευε μὲν αὐτὸς, ἔγραφε δὲ ἕτερος· καὶ τοῦτο δῆλον ἀπὸ τῆς πρὸς Ῥωμαίους Ἐπιστολῆς· πρὸς γὰρ τῷ τέλει φησίν· Ἀσπάζομαι ὑμᾶς ἐγὼ Τέρτιος ὁ γράψας τὴν Ἐπιστολήν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ αὐτὸς ἔγραψε πᾶσαν. Ἐποίησε δὲ τοῦτο ἐνταῦθα καὶ ἀναγκαίως, οὐ δι' ἀγάπην μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὴν τῆς πονηρᾶς ὑπονοίας ἀναίρεσιν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ διεβάλλετο ἐπὶ πράγμασιν οἷς οὐδὲν ἐκοινώνει, καὶ ἐλέγετο περιτομὴν καταγγέλλειν καὶ ὑποκρίνεσθαι, ὡς οὐ καταγγέλλων, διὰ τοῦτο ἠναγκάσθη ἰδιόγραφον ποιήσασθαι τὴν Ἐπιστολὴν, μαρτυρίαν ἔγγραφον προαποτιθέμενος. Τὸ δὲ Πηλίκοις, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ οὐ τὸ μέγεθος, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀμορφίαν τῶν γραμμάτων ἐμφαίνων λέγειν, μονονουχὶ λέγων, ὅτι Οὔτε ἄριστα γράφειν εἰδὼς, ὅμως ἠναγκάσθην δι' ἐμαυτοῦ γράψαι, ὥστε τῶν συκοφαντῶν ἐμφράξαι τὸ στόμα. Ὅσοι θέλουσιν εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκὶ, οὗτοι ἀναγκάζουσιν ὑμᾶς περιτέμνεσθαι, μόνον ἵνα μὴ τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ Χριστοῦ διώκωνται. Οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ περιτεμνόμενοι αὐτοὶ νόμον φυλάττουσιν, ἀλλὰ θέλουσιν ὑμᾶς περιτέμνεσθαι, ἵνα ἐν τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ σαρκὶ καυχήσωνται. Ἐνταῦθα δείκνυσιν οὐχ ἑκόντας αὐτοὺς τοῦτο ὑπομένοντας, ἀλλ' ἀναγκαζομένους παρέχων αὐτοῖς ἀφορμὴν ἀναχωρήσεως, καὶ σχεδὸν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀπολογούμενος, καὶ προτρέπων ἀποπηδῆσαι ταχέως. Τί δέ ἐστιν, Εὐπροσωπεῖν ἐν σαρκί· Εὐδοκιμεῖν παρ' ἀνθρώποις. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὠνειδίζοντο παρὰ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ὡς τῶν πατρίων ἀποστάντες ἐθῶν. Ἵνα μὴ ταῦτα ἐγκαλῶνται, φησὶ, βούλονται ὑμῖν λυμήνασθαι, διὰ τῆς ὑμετέρας σαρκὸς ἐκείνοις ἀπολογούμενοι. Ταῦτα δὲ ἔλεγε, δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐ διὰ τὸν Θεὸν ταῦτα ἔπραττον. Ὡς ἂν εἰ ἔλεγεν· Οὐκ ἔστιν εὐσεβείας ὑπόθεσις τὸ γινόμενον· ὡς δι' ἀνθρωπίνην φιλοτιμίαν ταῦτα πάντα γίνεται, ὑπὲρ ἀρεσκείας τῶν ἀπίστων, ὅτι πιστοὶ κατακόπτονται, καὶ αἱροῦνται Θεῷ προσκροῦσαι, ἵνα ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσωσι. Τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν, Ἐν σαρκὶ εὐπροσωπῆσαι. Εἶτα δεικνὺς ὅτι καὶ ἑτέρωθεν συγγνώμης εἰσὶν ἀπεστερημένοι, διελέγχει πάλιν αὐτοὺς, οὐ διὰ τὴν εἰς ἑτέρους ἀρέσκειαν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ δι' οἰκείαν κενοδοξίαν ταῦτα ἐπιτάσσοντας. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἐπήγαγεν· Ἵνα ἐν τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ σαρκὶ καυχήσωνται, ὡς μαθητὰς ἔχοντες, καὶ ὄντες διδάσκαλοι. Καὶ τίς ἡ τούτων ἀπόδειξις; Οὐδὲ γὰρ αὐτοὶ νόμον φυλάττουσι, φησί. Μάλιστα μὲν γὰρ, εἰ καὶ ἐφύλαττον, οὕτως ἄξιοι κατηγορίας· νυνὶ δὲ καὶ ὁ σκοπὸς αὐτῶν διεφθαρμένος ἐστίν. Ἐμοὶ δὲ, φησὶ, μὴ ἐν