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to provide to them also and equally. Do not imitate the cruelty of birds with hooked talons; who, when they see their own young finally daring to fly, cast them from the nest, striking and pushing them with their wings, and take no care for them thereafter. The love of the crow for its young is praiseworthy; which follows them even when they are already flying, feeding and nurturing them for a very long time. Many kinds of birds require no union with males for conception; but while in other birds wind-eggs are infertile, they say that vultures, for the most part, give birth without mating, even though they are very long-lived; for whom life is extended, for the most part, up to one hundred years. Have this noted by me from the history of birds, so that whenever you see some laughing at our mystery, as though it were impossible and outside of nature for a virgin to give birth, while her virginity is kept inviolate, you may remember that He who was pleased in the foolishness of the preaching to save those who believe, has beforehand laid down countless starting points from nature for faith in paradoxes. 8.7 Let the waters bring forth creeping things with living souls, and flying creatures that fly over the earth, in the firmament of heaven. They were commanded to fly over the earth, because for all of them their food comes from the earth; But in the firmament of heaven, as we have explained before, "heaven" here is said of the air because it is seen; and "firmament," because the air above our heads is somehow denser in comparison with the ethereal body, and more compressed by the exhalations from below. You have, then, a heaven well-ordered, an earth beautifully adorned, a sea teeming with its own offspring, an air full of birds flying through it. All things brought from non-being into being by the command of God, and all that my discourse has now passed over, avoiding a longer treatment of these things, so as not to seem to exceed the measure, do you, being a diligent student, considering for yourself and learning the wisdom of God in all things, never cease from wonder, nor from glorifying the Creator through all of creation. You have in the darkness the nocturnal kinds of birds; in the light, those that live by day. For bats, and owls, and night-ravens, are of the nocturnal kind. So that for you, at a time when sleep is absent, both the study of these things and the examination of their inherent properties are sufficient for giving glory to the Creator. How wakeful is the nightingale when she is brooding, not ceasing from her melody through the entire night. How the bat is at once a quadruped and a winged creature. How it alone of the birds has teeth, and brings forth its young alive like the quadrupeds, but travels in the air, not lightened by a feather, but by a certain leathery membrane. And how this creature has in its nature a love for one another, and like a chain, the bats hold onto each other, and one is suspended from another; a thing which is not easy to achieve among us humans. For the separate and private is preferred by the many to the communal and united. How those who have occupied themselves with vain wisdom resemble the eyes of the owl. For that creature's sight is strong at night, but is dimmed when the sun shines. And the intellect of these men is very keen for the contemplation of vanity, but is darkened toward the understanding of the true light. But in the day it is very easy for you to gather from all sides the wonder of the Creator. How the domestic fowl rouses you to work, crying out with its shrill voice and announcing from afar the approaching sun, rising together with travelers, and leading farmers out to the harvest. How wakeful is the race of geese, and how very sharp in its perception of hidden things, who indeed once saved the queen city, by announcing certain enemies who were about to seize the citadel of Rome from underground through hidden tunnels. In what kind of bird does nature not show some particular wonder?

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αὐτοῖς καὶ ὁμοτίμως παρέχειν. Μὴ μιμήσῃ τῶν γαμψωνύχων ὀρνίθων τὸ ἀπηνές· οἳ ἐπειδὰν ἴδωσι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν νεοττοὺς κατατολ μῶντας λοιπὸν τῆς πτήσεως, ἐκβάλλουσι τῆς καλιᾶς, τύπ τοντες τοῖς πτεροῖς καὶ ὠθοῦντες, καὶ οὐδεμίαν ἐπιμέλειαν ποιοῦνται πρὸς τὸ λοιπόν. Ἐπαινετὸν τῆς κορώνης τὸ φιλότεκνον· ἣ καὶ πετομένων ἤδη παρέπεται, σιτίζουσα αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐκτρέφουσα μέχρι πλείστου. Πολλὰ τῶν ὀρνίθων γένη οὐδὲν πρὸς τὴν κύησιν δεῖται τῆς τῶν ἀρρένων ἐπιπλοκῆς· ἀλλ' ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἄγονά ἐστι τὰ ὑπηνέμια, τοὺς δὲ γύπας φασὶν ἀσυνδυάστως τίκτειν ὡς τὰ πολλὰ, καὶ ταῦτα μακροβιωτάτους ὄντας· οἷς γε μέχρις ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν, ὡς τὰ πολλὰ, παρατείνεται ἡ ζωή. Τοῦτό μοι ἔχε παρασεσημειωμένον ἐκ τῆς περὶ τοὺς ὄρνιθας ἱστορίας, ἵν' ἐπειδάν ποτε ἴδῃς γελῶντάς τινας τὸ μυστήριον ἡμῶν, ὡς ἀδυνάτου ὄντος καὶ ἔξω τῆς φύσεως, παρθένον τεκεῖν, τῆς παρθενίας αὐτῆς φυλαττομένης ἀχράντου, ἐνθυμηθῇς ὅτι ὁ εὐδοκήσας ἐν τῇ μωρίᾳ τοῦ κηρύγματος σῶσαι τοὺς πιστεύοντας, μυρίας ἐκ τῆς φύσεως ἀφορμὰς πρὸς τὴν πίστιν τῶν παραδόξων προλαβὼν κατεβάλετο. 8.7 Ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετὰ ψυχῶν ζωσῶν, καὶ πετεινὰ πετόμενα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, κατὰ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. Ἐπὶ μὲν τῆς γῆς ἐκελεύσθη πετάσθαι, διὰ τὸ πᾶσι τὴν τροφὴν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ὑπάρχειν· Κατὰ δὲ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ὡς προλαβόντες ἀποδεδώκαμεν, οὐρανοῦ ἐνταῦθα παρὰ τὸ ὁρᾶσθαι τοῦ ἀέρος προσειρημένου· στερεώματος δὲ, διὰ τὸ πυκνότερόν πως εἶναι, συγκρίσει τοῦ αἰθερίου σώματος, καὶ μᾶλλον πεπιλημένον ταῖς κάτωθεν ἀναφοραῖς τὸν ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς ἡμῶν ἀέρα. Ἔχεις οὖν οὐρανὸν διακεκοσμημένον, γῆν κεκαλλωπισμένην, θάλασαν εὐθη νουμένην τοῖς οἰκείοις γεννήμασιν, ἀέρα πλήρη τῶν διιπ ταμένων αὐτὸν ὀρνίθων. Πάντα προστάγματι Θεοῦ ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραχθέντα, καὶ ὅσα ὁ λόγος παρῆκε νῦν, τὴν ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐν τούτοις διατριβὴν ἐκκλίνων, ὡς ἂν μὴ δόξῃ ὑπερεκπίπτειν τοῦ μέτρου, κατὰ σεαυτὸν συλ λογισάμενος, ὅγε φιλόπονος, τὴν ἐν ἅπασι τοῦ Θεοῦ σοφίαν καταμανθάνων, μὴ λήξῃς ποτὲ τοῦ θαύματος, μηδὲ τοῦ διὰ πάσης τῆς κτίσεως δοξάζειν τὸν ποιητήν. Ἔχεις ἐν τῷ σκότει τὰ νυκτερόβια γένη τῶν ὀρνίθων· ἐν τῷ φωτὶ τὰ ἡμερόφοιτα. Νυκτερίδες μὲν γὰρ, καὶ γλαῦκες, καὶ νυκτο κόρακες, τῶν νυκτινόμων εἰσίν. Ὥστε σοί ποτε ἐν καιρῷ μὴ παρόντος τοῦ ὕπνου, ἐξαρκεῖν καὶ τὴν ἐν τούτοις δια τριβὴν, καὶ τὴν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτοῖς ἰδιωμάτων ἐξέτασιν πρὸς δοξολογίαν τοῦ ποιητοῦ. Πῶς ἄγρυπνον ἡ ἀηδὼν, ὅταν ἐπωάζῃ, διὰ πάσης νυκτὸς τῆς μελῳδίας μὴ ἀπολήγουσα. Πῶς τετράπουν τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ πτηνὸν ἡ νυκτερίς. Πῶς μόνη τῶν ὀρνίθων ὀδοῦσι κέχρηται, καὶ ζωογονεῖ μὲν ὡς τὰ τετράποδα, ἐπιπολάζει δὲ τῷ ἀέρι, οὐχὶ πτερῷ κουφιζομένη, ἀλλ' ὑμένι τινὶ δερματίνῳ. Πῶς μέντοι καὶ τοῦτο ἔχει τὸ φιλάλληλον ἐν τῇ φύσει, καὶ ὥσπερ ὁρμαθὸς, ἀλλήλων αἱ νυκτερίδες ἔχονται, καὶ μία τῆς μιᾶς ἤρτηνται· ὅπερ ἐφ' ἡμῶν τῶν ἀνθρώπων οὐ ῥᾴδιον κατορθωθῆναι Τὸ γὰρ ἀπεσχισμένον καὶ ἰδιάζον τοῦ κοινωνικοῦ καὶ ἡνωμένου τοῖς πολλοῖς προτιμότερον. Πῶς ἐοίκασι τοῖς ὄμμασι τῆς γλαυκὸς οἱ περὶ τὴν ματαίαν σοφίαν ἐσχολακότες. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνης ἡ ὄψις, νυκτὸς μὲν ἔρρωται, ἡλίου δὲ λάμψαντος ἀμαυροῦται. Καὶ τούτων μὲν ἡ διάνοια ὀξυτάτη μέν ἐστι πρὸς τὴν τῆς ματαιότητος θεωρίαν, πρὸς δὲ τὴν τοῦ ἀληθινοῦ φωτὸς κατανόησιν ἐξημαύρωται. Ἐν ἡμέρᾳ δέ σοι καὶ πάνυ ῥᾴδιον πανταχόθεν συνάγειν τὸ θαῦμα τοῦ κτίσαντος. Πῶς μὲν ἐπ' ἔργα σε διεγείρει ὁ σύνοικος ὄρνις, ὀξείᾳ τῇ φωνῇ ἐμβοῶν καὶ καταμηνύων πόρρωθεν ἔτι τὸν ἥλιον προσελαύνοντα, ὁδοιπόροις συνδιορθρίζων, γεωργοὺς δὲ ἐξάγων πρὸς ἀμητόν. Πῶς ἄγρυπνον τὸ τῶν χηνῶν γένος, καὶ πρὸς τὴν τῶν λανθανόντων αἴσθησιν ὀξύτατον, οἵ γέ ποτε καὶ τὴν βασιλίδα πόλιν περισώσαντο, πολεμίους τινὰς ὑπὸ γῆς δι' ὑπονόμων ἀφανῶν ἤδη μέλλοντας τὴν ἄκραν τῆς Ῥώμης καταλαμβάνειν καταμηνύσαντες. Ἐν ποίῳ γένει τῶν ὀρνίθων οὐκ ἴδιόν τι θαῦμα ἡ φύσις δείκνυσι;