Letter LIV.463    Placed at the same time as the foregoing.

To the Chorepiscopi.

I am much distressed that the canons of the Fathers have fallen through, and that the exact discipline of the Church has been banished from among you.  I am apprehensive lest, as this indifference grows, the affairs of the Church should, little by little, fall into confusion.  According to the ancient custom observed in the Churches of God, ministers in the Church were received after careful examination; the whole of their life was investigated; an enquiry was made as to their being neither railers nor drunkards, not quick to quarrel, keeping their youth in subjection, so as to be able to maintain “the holiness without which no man shall see the Lord.”464    Heb. xii. 14.  This examination was made by presbyters and deacons living with them.  Then they brought them to the Chorepiscopi; and the Chorepiscopi, after receiving the suffrages of the witnesses as to the truth and giving information to the Bishop, so admitted the minister to the sacerdotal order.465    The Ben. note runs, “Ministros, sive subdiaconos, sacratorum ordini ascribit Basilius.  Synodus Laodicena inferiores clericos sacratorum numero non comprehendit, sed numerat sacratos a presbyteris usque ad diaconos, ἀπο πρεσβυτέρων ἕως διακόνων, can. 24, distinguit canone 27, ἱερατικοὺς, ἢ κληρικοὺς ἢ λαικοὺς, sive sacratos, sive clericos, sive laicos.  Et can. 30.  ῞Οτι οὑ δεῖ ἱερατικὸν ἢ κληρικὸν ἢ ἀσκητὴν ἐν βαλανειῳ μετὰ γυναικῶν ἀπολούεσθαι, μηδὲ πάντα Χριστιανὸν ἢ λαϊκόν.  Non oportet sacratum vel clericum aut ascetam in balneo cum mulieribus lavari. sed nec ullum Christianum aut laïcum.  Non sequuntur hujus synodi morem ecclesiastici scriptores.  Basilius, epist. 287, excommunicato omne cum sacratis commercium intercludit.  Et in epist. 198,  ἱερατεῖονintelligit cœtum clericorum, eique ascribit clericos qui epistolas episcopi perferebant.  Athanasius ad Rufinianum scribens, rogat eum ut epistolam legat ἱερατεί& 251·et populo.  Gregorius Nazianzenus lectores sacri ordinis, ἱεροῦ ταγματος, partem esse agnoscit in epist. 45.  Notandus etiam canon 8 apostolicus, ει τις ἐπίσκοπος ἢ etc. πρεσβύτερος ἢ διάκονος ἢ ἐκ τοῦ ἱεραρικοῦ καταλόγον, etc.  Si quis episcopus vel presbyter vel diaconus, vel ex sacro ordine.  Hæc visa sunt observanda, quia pluribus Basilii locis, quæ deinceps occurrent, non parum afferent lucis.”  The letter of the Council in Illyricum uses ἱερατικὸν τάγμα in precisely the same way.  Theod., Ecc. Hist. iv. 8, where see note on p. 113.  So Sozomen, On the Council of Nicæa, i. 23.  Ordo, the nearest Latin equivalent to the Greek τάγμα, was originally used of any estate in the church, e.g. St. Jerome, On Isaiah v. 19, 18.   On the testing of qualifications for orders, cf. St. Cyprian, Ep. lxviii.  Now, however, you have quite passed me over; you have not even had the grace to refer to me, and have transferred the whole authority to yourselves.  Furthermore, with complete indifference, you have allowed presbyters and deacons to introduce unworthy persons into the Church, just any one they choose, without any previous examination of life and character, by mere favoritism, on the score of relationship or some other tie.  The consequence is, that in every village, there are reckoned many ministers, but not one single man worthy of the service of the altars.  Of this you yourselves supply proof from your difficulty in finding suitable candidates for election.  As, then, I perceive that the evil is gradually reaching a point at which it would be incurable, and especially at this moment when a large number of persons are presenting themselves for the ministry through fear of the conscription, I am constrained to have recourse to the restitution of the canons of the Fathers.  I thus order you in writing to send me the roll of the ministers in every village, stating by whom each has been introduced, and what is his mode of life.  You have the roll in your own keeping, so that your version can be compared with the documents which are in mine, and no one can insert his own name when he likes.  So if any have been introduced by presbyters after the first appointment,466    μετὰ τὴν πρώτην ἐπινέμησιν.  ᾽Επινέμησις is in later Greek the recognized equivalent for “indictio” in the sense of a period of fifteen years (Cod. Theod. xi. 28. 3).  I have had some hesitation as to whether it could possibly in this passage indicate a date.  But ἐπινέμησις does not appear to have been used in its chronological sense before Evagrius, and his expression (iv. 29) τοὺς περιόδους τῶν κύκλων καλουμένων ἐπινεμήσεων looks as though the term were not yet common; ἐπινέμησις here I take to refer to the assignment of presbyters to different places on ordination.  I am indebted to Mr. J. W. Parker for valuable information and suggestions on this question. let them be rejected, and take their place among the laity.  Their examination must then be begun by you over again, and, if they prove worthy, let them be received by your decision.  Drive out unworthy men from the Church, and so purge it.  For the future, test by examination those who are worthy, and then receive them; but do not reckon them of the number before you have reported to me.  Otherwise, distinctly understand that he who is admitted to the ministry without my authority will remain a layman.

ΧΩΡΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΙΣ

[1] Πάνυ με λυπεῖ ὅτι ἐπιλελοίπασι λοιπὸν οἱ τῶν Πατέρων κανόνες καὶ πᾶσα ἀκρίβεια τῶν Ἐκκλησιῶν ἀπελήλαται, καὶ φοβοῦμαι μή, κατὰ μικρὸν τῆς ἀδιαφορίας ταύτης ὁδῷ προϊούσης, εἰς παντελῆ σύγχυσιν ἔλθῃ τὰ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας πράγματα. Τοὺς ὑπηρετοῦντας τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ ἡ πάλαι ταῖς τοῦ Θεοῦ Ἐκκλησίαις ἐμπολιτευομένη συνήθεια μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας δοκιμάζουσα παρεδέχετο: καὶ ἐπολυπραγμονεῖτο πᾶσα αὐτῶν ἡ ἀναστροφή, εἰ μὴ λοίδοροί εἰσιν, εἰ μὴ μέθυσοι, εἰ μὴ πρόχειροι πρὸς τὰς μάχας, εἰ παιδαγωγοῦσιν ἑαυτῶν τὴν νεότητα, ὥστε κατορθοῦν δύνασθαι τὸν ἁγιασμόν, οὗ χωρὶς οὐδεὶς ὄψεται τὸν Κύριον. Καὶ τοῦτο ἐξήταζον μὲν πρεσβύτεροι καὶ διάκονοι οἱ συνοικοῦντες αὐτοῖς, ἐπανέφερον δὲ τοῖς χωρεπισκόποις, οἵ, τὰς παρὰ τῶν ἀληθινῶς μαρτυρούντων δεξάμενοι ψήφους καὶ ὑπομνήσαντες τὸν ἐπίσκοπον, οὕτως ἐνηρίθμουν τὸν ὑπηρέτην τῷ τάγματι τῶν ἱερατικῶν. Νῦν δὲ πρῶτον μὲν ἡμᾶς παρωσάμενοι καὶ μηδὲ ἐπαναφέρειν ἡμῖν καταδεχόμενοι, εἰς ἑαυτοὺς τὴν ὅλην περιεστήσατε αὐθεντίαν. Ἔπειτα καταρρᾳθυμοῦντες τοῦ πράγματος, πρεσβυτέροις καὶ διακόνοις ἐπετρέψατε οὓς ἂν ἐθέλωσιν ἀπὸ ἀνεξετάστου βίου, κατὰ προσπάθειαν, ἢ τὴν ἀπὸ συγγενείας, ἢ τὴν ἐξ ἄλλης τινὸς φιλίας, ἐπεισάγειν τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ τοὺς ἀναξίους. Διὸ πολλοὶ μὲν ὑπηρέται ἀριθμοῦνται καθ' ἑκάστην κώμην, ἄξιος δὲ λειτουργίας θυσιαστηρίου οὐδείς, ὡς ὑμεῖς αὐτοὶ μαρτυρεῖτε, ἀποροῦντες ἀνδρῶν ἐν ταῖς ψηφοφορίαις. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ὁρῶ τὸ πρᾶγμα λοιπὸν εἰς ἀνήκεστον προϊόν, μάλιστα νῦν, τῶν πλείστων φόβῳ τῆς στρατολογίας εἰσποιούντων ἑαυτοὺς τῇ ὑπηρεσίᾳ, ἀναγκαίως ἦλθον εἰς τὸ ἀνανεώσασθαι τοὺς τῶν Πατέρων κανόνας, καὶ ἐπιστέλλω ὑμῖν ἀποστεῖλαί μοι τὴν ἀναγραφὴν ἑκάστης κώμης τῶν ὑπηρετούντων καὶ ὑπὸ τίνος εἰσῆκται ἕκαστος καὶ ἐν ποίῳ βίῳ ἐστίν. Ἔχετε δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ παρ' ἑαυτοῖς τὴν ἀναγραφήν, ὥστε συγκρίνεσθαι τοῖς παρ' ἡμῖν ἀποκειμένοις γράμμασι τὰ ὑμέτερα καὶ μηδενὶ ἐξεῖναι ἑαυτὸν ὅτε βούλεται παρεγγράφειν. Οὕτω μέντοι μετὰ τὴν πρώτην ἐπινέμησιν εἴ τινες ὑπὸ πρεσβυτέρων εἰσήχθησαν, ἐπὶ τοὺς λαϊκοὺς ἀπορριφῶσιν. Ἄνωθεν δὲ γένηται αὐτῶν παρ' ὑμῶν ἐξέτασις, κἂν μὲν ἄξιοι ὦσι, τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ ψήφῳ παραδεχθήτωσαν. Ἐπικαθαρίσατε τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν τοὺς ἀναξίους αὐτῆς ἀπελαύνοντες, καὶ τοῦ λοιποῦ ἐξετάζετε μὲν τοὺς ἀξίους καὶ παραδέχεσθε, μὴ ἀριθμεῖτε δὲ πρὶν εἰς ἡμᾶς ἐπανενεγκεῖν, ἢ γινώσκετε ὅτι λαϊκὸς ἔσται ὁ ἄνευ ἡμετέρας γνώμης εἰς ὑπηρεσίαν παραδεχθείς.