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Who is it that announces beforehand to the vultures the death of men, when they campaign against each other? For you might see countless flocks of vultures following the armies, conjecturing the outcome from the preparation of the weapons. This is not far from human reasoning. How shall I describe to you the fearful campaigns of the locust, which at one signal is all lifted up and encamps over the breadth of the land, and does not touch the crops before the divine command is given to it? How the starling follows as a remedy for the plague, having an endless power of eating, since the philanthropic God made its nature insatiable for the benefit of mankind? What is the manner of the cicada's melody? And how at midday are they more musical than themselves, by the drawing in of the air, which they do in the expansion of their chest, as the sound is emitted? But I seem to fall further short in my account of the wonder of the winged creatures, than if I tried to match their speed with my feet. When you see the so-called insects among winged creatures, such as bees and wasps (for they have named them thus because they appear to have certain incisions all over), consider that these have no respiration, nor a lung, but are wholly nourished through and through by the air. Therefore, when drenched with oil, they perish, their pores having been blocked; but if vinegar is immediately applied, they are revived again, their passages being opened. Our God created nothing more superfluous than what is needed, nor yet lacking in any of the necessities. Again, having observed the water-loving animals, you will find a different construction in them: feet neither split, like those of the crow, nor hooked, like those of flesh-eaters; but broad and webbed, so that they may swim easily on the water, pushing the liquid with the webs of their feet as if with some oars. And if you observe how the swan, letting its neck down into the deep, brings up food for itself from below, then you will discover the wisdom of the Creator, that for this reason He added a neck longer than its legs, so that, letting it down like some fishing-line, it might procure the food hidden in the deep. 8.8 The words of Scripture, when simply read, are some small syllables: Let the waters bring forth winged creatures flying upon the earth according to the firmament of heaven; but when the meaning in the words is examined, then the great wonder of the Creator's wisdom is revealed. How many differences of winged creatures did He foresee? How did He distinguish them from one another according to kind? How did He characterize each with distinct properties? The day would fail me, recounting to you the wonders of the air. The dry land calls us to the exhibition of the wild beasts and reptiles and cattle, being ready to show in return things of equal value to the plants and the swimming kind and all the winged creatures. Let the earth bring forth a living soul of cattle and wild beasts and reptiles according to their kind. What do you say, you who disbelieve Paul concerning the change at the resurrection, seeing many of the aerial creatures changing their forms? Such as is also related about the horned Indian worm; which, first changing into a caterpillar, then proceeding becomes a chrysalis, and does not even stop at this form, but is furnished with downy and broad wings. When, therefore, you women sit unwinding their work, I mean the threads which the Seres send you for the making of soft garments, being mindful of the transformation of this animal, you receive a clear notion of the resurrection, and do not disbelieve the change which Paul proclaims to all. But I perceive that my discourse is exceeding its due measure. For when I look at the multitude of things said, I see myself carried beyond measure; but when again I look at the varied wisdom in the created things, I think I have not even begun the narrative. At the same time, to detain you longer is not useless. For what might one do with the time until evening? Not

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Τίς ὁ τοῖς γυψὶ προαπαγγέλλων τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸν θάνατον, ὅταν κατ' ἀλλήλων ἐπιστρατεύσωσιν; Ἴδοις γὰρ ἂν μυρίας ἀγέλας γυπῶν τοῖς στρατοπέδοις παρεπομένας, ἐκ τῆς τῶν ὅπλων παρασκευῆς τεκμαιρομένων τὴν ἔκβασιν. Τοῦτο δὲ οὐ μακράν ἐστι λογισμῶν ἀνθρωπίνων. Πῶς σοι τὰς φοβερὰς ἐπιστρατιὰς τῆς ἀκρίδος διηγήσομαι, ἣ ὑφ' ἑνὶ συνθήματι πᾶσα ἀρθεῖσα καὶ στρατοπεδευσαμένη κατὰ τὸ πλάτος τῆς χώρας, οὐ πρότερον ἅπτεται τῶν καρπῶν, πρὶν ἐνδοθῆναι αὐτῇ τὸ θεῖον πρόσταγμα; Πῶς ἡ σελευκὶς ἐφέπεται ἴαμα τῆς πληγῆς, ἀπέραντον ἔχουσα τοῦ ἐσθίειν τὴν δύναμιν, τοῦ φιλανθρώπου Θεοῦ ἀκόρεστον αὐτῆς τὴν φύσιν ἐπ' εὐεργεσίᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων κατασκευάσαντος; Τίς ὁ τρόπος τῆς μελῳδίας τοῦ τέττιγος; Καὶ πῶς ἐν τῇ μεσημβρίᾳ ἑαυτῶν εἰσιν ᾠδικώτεροι, τῇ ὁλκῇ τοῦ ἀέρος, ἣν ἐν τῇ διαστολῇ ποιοῦνται τοῦ θώρακος, ἐκδιδομένου τοῦ φθόγγου; Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἔοικα πλεῖον ἀπολείπεσθαι τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ θαύματος τῶν πτηνῶν, ἢ εἰ τοῖς ποσὶν αὐτῶν ἐπειρώμην ἐφικνεῖσθαι τοῦ τάχους. Ὅταν ἴδῃς τὰ ἔντομα λεγόμενα τῶν πτηνῶν, οἷον μελίσσας καὶ σφῆκας (οὕτω γὰρ αὐτὰ προσειρήκασι διὰ τὸ πανταχόθεν ἐντομάς τινας φαίνειν), ἐνθυμοῦ, ὅτι τούτοις ἀναπνοὴ οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐδὲ πνεύμων, ἀλλ' ὅλα δι' ὅλων τρέφεται τῷ ἀέρι. ∆ιόπερ καὶ ἐλαίῳ καταβραχέντα φθείρεται, τῶν πόρων ἀποφραγέντων· ὄξους δὲ εὐθὺς ἐπιβληθέντος πάλιν ἀναβιώσκεται, τῶν διεξόδων ἀνοιγομένων. Οὐδὲν περιττότερον τῆς χρείας, οὔτε μὴν ἐλλεῖπόν τινι τῶν ἀναγκαίων ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν ἔκτισε. Πάλιν τὰ φίλυδρα τῶν ζῴων καταμαθὼν, ἑτέραν ἐν αὐτοῖς κατασκευὴν εὑρήσεις· πόδας οὔτε διεσχισμένους, ὡς τοὺς τῆς κορώνης, οὔτε ἀγκύλους, ὡς τοὺς τῶν σαρκοφάγων· ἀλλὰ πλατεῖς καὶ ὑμενώδεις, ἵνα ῥᾳδίως ἐπινήχωνται τῷ ὕδατι, οἱονεὶ κώπαις τισὶ τοῖς τῶν ποδῶν ὑμέσι τὸ ὑγρὸν διωθούμενοι. Ἐὰν δὲ κατα μάθῃς, ὅπως εἰς βάθος ὁ κύκνος καθιεὶς τὸν αὐχένα, κάτωθεν ἑαυτῷ τὴν τροφὴν ἀναφέρει, τότε εὑρήσεις τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ κτίσαντος, ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο μακρότερον τῶν ποδῶν τὸν αὐχένα προσέθηκεν, ἵνα ὥσπερ τινὰ ὁρμιὰν κατάγων, τὴν ἐν τῷ βάθει κεκρυμμένην τροφὴν ἐκπορίζηται. 8.8 Ἁπλῶς ἀναγινωσκόμενα τὰ ῥήματα τῆς Γραφῆς, συλλαβαί τινες εἰσι μικραί· Ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα πετεινὰ πετόμενα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς κατὰ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ· ἐρευνωμένης δὲ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ῥήμασι διανοίας, τότε ἐκφαίνεται τὸ μέγα θαῦμα τῆς σοφίας τοῦ κτίσαντος. Πόσας προείδετο διαφορὰς πτηνῶν; ὅπως αὐτὰ κατὰ γένος διέστησεν ἀπ' ἀλλήλων; πῶς ἕκαστον κεχωρισμένοις ἐχαρακτήρισεν ἰδιώ μασιν; Ἐπιλείπει με ἡ ἡμέρα, τὰ ἐναέρια ὑμῖν θαύματα διηγούμενον. Καλεῖ ἡμᾶς ἡ χέρσος πρὸς τὴν τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἑρπετῶν καὶ βοσκημάτων ἐπίδειξιν, ἑτοίμως ἔχουσα ὁμότιμα τοῖς φυτοῖς καὶ τῷ πλωτῷ γένει καὶ τοῖς πτηνοῖς πᾶσιν ἀντεπιδείξασθαι. Ἐξαγαγέτω ἡ γῆ ψυχὴν ζῶσαν κτηνῶν καὶ θηρίων καὶ ἑρπετῶν κατὰ γένος. Τί φατε, οἱ ἀπιστοῦντες τῷ Παύλῳ περὶ τῆς κατὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν ἀλλοιώσεως, ὁρῶντες πολλὰ τῶν ἀερίων τὰς μορφὰς μεταβάλ λοντα; Ὁποῖα καὶ περὶ τοῦ Ἰνδικοῦ σκώληκος ἱστορεῖται τοῦ κερασφόρου· ὃς εἰς κάμπην τὰ πρῶτα μεταβαλὼν, εἶτα προϊὼν βομβυλιὸς γίνεται, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ ταύτης ἵσταται τῆς μορφῆς, ἀλλὰ χαύνοις καὶ πλατέσι πετάλοις ὑποπτεροῦται. Ὅταν οὖν καθέζησθε τὴν τούτων ἐργασίαν ἀναπηνιζόμεναι, αἱ γυναῖκες, τὰ νήματα λέγω ἃ πέμπουσιν ὑμῖν οἱ Σῆρες πρὸς τὴν τῶν μαλακῶν ἐνδυμάτων κατασκευὴν, μεμνημέναι τῆς κατὰ τὸ ζῷον τοῦτο μεταβολῆς, ἐναργῆ λαμβάνετε τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἔννοιαν, καὶ μὴ ἀπιστεῖτε τῇ ἀλλαγῇ ἣν Παῦλος ἅπασι κατεπαγγέλλεται. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ αἰσθάνομαι τοῦ λόγου τὴν συμμετρίαν ἐκβαίνοντος. Ὅταν μὲν οὖν ἀπίδω πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος τῶν εἰρημένων, ἔξω ἐμαυτὸν ὁρῶ τοῦ μέτρου φερόμενον· ὅταν δὲ πάλιν πρὸς τὸ ποικίλον τῆς ἐν τοῖς δημιουργήμασι σοφίας ἀποβλέψω, οὐδὲ ἦρχθαι νομίζω τῆς διηγήσεως. Ἅμα δὲ καὶ τὸ παρακατέχειν ὑμᾶς ἐπὶ πλεῖον οὐκ ἄχρηστον. Τί γὰρ ἄν τις καὶ ποιοῖ τὸν μέχρι τῆς ἑσπέρας χρόνον; Οὐκ