John Chrysostom, On John

this one, and who is that one, will again see a great difference here also. For they, when they did not worship idols, nor fornicate, nor commit adultery, were called by this name; but we become holy, not only in abstinence from these things, but also in the acquisition of greater things. And first, from the very visitation of the Spirit, we obtain this gift; then also from a way of life, much greater than the Jewish one. And that the words are not a boast, hear what he says to them: You shall not perform purifications, you shall not cleanse your children, for you are a holy people. So that among them holiness was this, to be freed from idolatrous laws; but among us it is not so, but, "That she may be holy," he says, "both in body and in spirit." Pursue peace and holiness, without which no one will see the Lord; and, Perfecting holiness in the fear of God. For the name, holy, is not sufficient to convey the same meaning in all cases where it is used; since God is also called holy, but not as we are. When, at any rate, the Prophet heard this voice being brought forth by the Seraphim, see what he says: 59.94 Woe is me, wretched that I am, for being a man and having unclean lips, I dwell in the midst of a people that has unclean lips. And yet he was both holy and pure; but we, when judged in relation to the holiness that is above, are unclean. Holy are the angels, holy the archangels, and the Seraphim and Cherubim themselves; but of this holiness there is again another difference, both in relation to us and to the excelling powers; It was possible to go through all the others as well, but I see the discourse is being extended to a great length; therefore, ceasing to proceed further, we shall leave the remaining things for you to handle. For it is possible for you also at home, by collecting these things, to perceive the difference, and to go through the rest in like manner. For, "Give," he says, "an opportunity to a wise man, and he will be wiser." For the beginning is from us, but the end will be from you. But it is necessary for us to take up the sequence again. Having said, Of his fullness we have all received, he added, And grace for grace; showing that the Jews also were saved by grace. For not because you were numerous, he says, but because of the fathers I chose you. If, therefore, they were not chosen by God out of their own right achievements, it is clear that they obtained this honor by grace. And we too have all been saved by grace, but not in like manner. For not for the same things, but for things much greater and higher. The grace we have, then, is not of this kind. For not only, indeed, was the forgiveness of sins given to us (for in this we have fellowship with them; for all have sinned), but also righteousness, and sanctification, and adoption as sons, and the grace of the Spirit, much brighter and more abundant. Through this grace we became objects of God's love, no longer only as servants, but also as sons and as friends. For this reason he says, Grace for grace. For the things of the law were themselves also of grace, and our very creation from nothing. For we did not receive this reward for pre-existing achievements (for how could those who did not even exist?), but from God initiating the good work on every side. And not only our creation from nothing, but also, having been created, at once to learn what is to be done and what is not to be done, and to receive this law in our nature, and for the Creator to have deposited with us the incorruptible tribunal of the conscience, was a matter of the greatest grace and ineffable love for mankind. And for this law, having been corrupted, to be restored through the written law, was of grace. For what should have followed was that those who falsified the commandment once given should be punished and chastised; but what happened was not this, but again a correction, and forgiveness not owed, but given from mercy and grace. For that it was of grace and of mercy, hear what David says: The Lord executes mercy, and judgment for all that are oppressed. He made known his ways to Moses, his will to the sons of Israel. And again: Good and upright is the Lord: therefore he will give a law to sinners in the way. 59.95 3. To receive the law, then, was a matter of mercy and compassion and grace. For this reason, having said, Grace for

οὗτος, τίς δὲ ἐκεῖνος, πολλὴν ὄψεται πάλιν κἀνταῦθα τὴν διαφοράν. Ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ ἡνίκα μὴ εἰδωλολάτρουν, μηδὲ ἐπόρνευον, μηδὲ ἐμοίχευον, τοῦτο ἐκαλοῦντο τὸ ὄνομα· ἡμεῖς δὲ, οὐκ ἐν τῇ τούτων ἀποχῇ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῇ τῶν μειζόνων κτήσει γινόμεθα ἅγιοι. Καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἀπ' αὐτῆς τοῦ Πνεύματος τῆς ἐπιφοιτήσεως, ταύτης τυγχάνομεν τῆς δωρεᾶς· ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ ἐκ πολιτείας, πολλῷ μείζονος τῆς Ἰουδαϊκῆς. Καὶ ὅτι οὐ κόμπος τὰ ῥήματα, ἄκουσον ἐκείνοις μὲν τί φησιν· Οὐ φοιβάσεσθε, οὐ περικαθαριεῖτε τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν, ὅτι λαὸς ἅγιός ἐστε. Ὥστε παρ' ἐκείνοις τοῦτο ἡ ἁγιωσύνη, τὸ τῶν εἰδωλικῶν ἀπηλλάχθαι νόμων· παρὰ δὲ ἡμῖν οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλ', Ἵνα ᾖ ἁγία, φησὶ, καὶ σώματι καὶ πνεύματι. Εἰρήνην διώκετε καὶ τὸν ἁγιασμὸν, οὗ χωρὶς οὐδεὶς ὄψεται τὸν Κύριον· καὶ, Ἐπιτελοῦντες ἁγιωσύνην ἐν φόβῳ Θεοῦ. Οὐ γὰρ ἀρκεῖ τὸ, ἅγιος, ὄνομα, ἐπὶ πάντων ὧν ἂν λέγηται τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν παραστῆσαι· ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἅγιος λέγεται, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὡς ἡμεῖς. Ὅτε γοῦν ἤκουσε τὴν φωνὴν ταύτην παρὰ τῶν Σεραφὶμ φερομένην ὁ Προφήτης, ὅρα τί φησιν· 59.94 Οἴμοι τάλας ἐγὼ, ὅτι ἄνθρωπος ὢν καὶ ἀκάθαρτα χείλη ἔχων, ἐν μέσῳ λαοῦ ἀκάθαρτα χείλη ἔχοντος ἐγὼ οἰκῶ. Καίτοι καὶ ἅγιος καὶ καθαρὸς ἦν· ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὴν ἁγιωσύνην ἡμεῖς τὴν ἄνω κρινόμενοι, ἀκάθαρτοί ἐσμεν. Ἅγιοι καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι, ἅγιοι οἱ ἀρχάγγελοι, καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ Σεραφὶμ καὶ Χερουβίμ· ἀλλὰ καὶ ταύτης τῆς ἁγιωσύνης ἑτέρα πάλιν διαφορὰ καὶ πρὸς ἡμᾶς καὶ πρὸς τὰς ὑπερεχούσας δυνάμεις· Ἐνῆν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ἐπεξελθεῖν, ἀλλ' ὁρῶ τὸν λόγον εἰς μῆκος πολὺ ἐκτεινόμενον· διὸ περαιτέρω παυσάμενοι προελθεῖν, ὑμῖν ἀφήσομεν τὰ λειπόμενα μεταχειρίσαι. Ἔξεστι γὰρ καὶ ὑμῖν κατ' οἶκον ταῦτα συλλέγουσι συνιδεῖν τὴν διαφορὰν, καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς ὁμοίως ἐπεξιέναι. ∆ίδου γὰρ, φησὶ, σοφῷ ἀφορμὴν, καὶ σοφώτερος ἔσται. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἀρχὴ παρ' ἡμῶν, τὸ δὲ τέλος ἔσται παρ' ὑμῶν. Ἡμῖν δὲ ἀναγκαῖον πάλιν ἅψασθαι τῆς ἀκολουθίας. Εἰπὼν, Ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος αὐτοῦ ἡμεῖς πάντες ἐλάβομεν, ἐπήγαγε, Καὶ χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος· δεικνὺς ὅτι χάριτι καὶ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐσώζοντο. Οὐ γὰρ διὰ τὸ πολυπληθεῖν ὑμᾶς, φησὶν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τοὺς πατέρας ὑμᾶς ἐξελεξάμην. Εἰ τοίνυν οὐκ ἐξ οἰκείων κατορθωμάτων ἐξελέγησαν παρὰ Θεοῦ, δῆλον ὅτι χάριτι ταύτης ἔτυχον τῆς τιμῆς. Καὶ ἡμεῖς δὲ χάριτι πάντες ἐσώθημεν, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁμοίως. Οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ πολλῷ μείζοσι καὶ ὑψηλοτέροις. Οὐ τοίνυν τοιαύτη παρ' ἡμῖν χάρις. Οὐδὲ γὰρ δὴ μόνον ἁμαρτημάτων συγχώρησις ἡμῖν ἐδόθη (ἐπεὶ κατὰ τοῦτο κοινωνοῦμεν ἐκείνοις· πάντες γὰρ ἥμαρτον), ἀλλὰ καὶ δικαιοσύνη, καὶ ἁγιασμὸς, καὶ υἱοθεσία, καὶ Πνεύματος χάρις φαιδροτέρα πολλῷ καὶ δαψιλεστέρα. ∆ιὰ ταύτης τῆς χάριτος ἐγενόμεθα τῷ Θεῷ ποθεινοὶ, οὐκ ἔτι μόνον ὡς δοῦλοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς υἱοὶ καὶ ὡς φίλοι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτό φησι, Χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος. Καὶ γὰρ τὰ τοῦ νόμου καὶ αὐτὰ χάριτος ἦν, καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ γενέσθαι ἡμᾶς ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων. Οὐ γὰρ κατορθωμάτων προϋπηργμένων ταύτην ἐλάβομεν τὴν ἀμοιβήν, (πῶς γὰρ οἱ μηδὲ ὄντες;) ἀλλὰ Θεοῦ πανταχόθεν τῆς εὐεργεσίας κατάρχοντος. Οὐ τὸ γενέσθαι δὲ μόνον ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ γενομένους εὐθέως μαθεῖν τά τε πρακτέα. καὶ τὰ μὴ πρακτέα, καὶ τοῦτον ἐν τῇ φύσει λαβεῖν τὸν νόμον, καὶ τὸ τοῦ συνειδότος κριτήριον ἀδέκαστον ἡμῖν παρακαταθέσθαι τὸν ποιήσαντα, χάριτος ἦν μεγίστης καὶ φιλανθρωπίας ἀφάτου. Καὶ τὸ τὸν νόμον δὲ τοῦτον διαφθαρέντα ἀνακτήσασθαι διὰ τοῦ γραπτοῦ, χάριτος ἦν. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἑπόμενον ἦν, τοὺς τὴν ἅπαξ δοθεῖσαν ἐντολὴν παραχαράττοντας, κολάζεσθαι καὶ τιμωρεῖσθαι· τὸ δὲ γενόμενον οὐ τοῦτο ἦν, ἀλλὰ πάλιν διόρθωσις, καὶ συγγνώμη οὐκ ὀφειλομένη. ἀλλ' ἀπὸ ἐλέου καὶ χάριτος διδομένη. Ὅτι γὰρ χάριτος ἦν καὶ ἐλέου, ἄκουσον τί φησιν ὁ ∆αυΐδ· Ποιῶν ἐλεημοσύνας ὁ Κύριος, καὶ κρῖμα πᾶσι τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις. Ἐγνώρισε τὰς ὁδοὺς αὐτοῦ τῷ Μωϋσεῖ, τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραὴλ τὰ θελήματα αὐτοῦ. Καὶ πάλιν· Χρηστὸς καὶ εὐθὴς ὁ Κύριος· διὰ τοῦτο νομοθετήσει ἐν ὁδῷ ἁμαρτάνοντας. 59.95 γʹ. Ἐλεημοσύνης οὖν ἄρα καὶ οἰκτιρμῶν καὶ χάριτος τὸ τὸν νόμον λαβεῖν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο εἰπὼν, Χάριν ἀντὶ