John Chrysostom, On Matthew

1. And yet he ought not to have been angry, but to have been afraid and to have shrunk back, and to have seen that he was attempting impossible things. But he is not restrained. For whenever a soul is ungrateful and incurable, it yields to none of the medicines given by God. See then this man also striving against his former deeds, and joining murders to murder, and being carried everywhere down a precipice. For as if driven to a frenzy by some demon of this anger and envy, he takes account of nothing, but even rages against nature itself, and the anger against the magi who had mocked him, he unleashes against the children who had done no wrong, daring then in Palestine a deed kindred to the ones that happened in Egypt. For having sent forth, it says, he killed all the male children in Bethlehem and in all its districts, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had diligently inquired of the magi. Here pay close attention to me. For many people talk much nonsense 57.176 concerning these children, alleging injustice in what happened; and some are more reasonably perplexed about them, while others are more rash and mad. So that, therefore, we might free some from their madness, and others from their perplexity, bear with us for a little while as we discourse about this subject. For if indeed they allege this, that the children were allowed to be killed, they will also allege the slaughter of the soldiers who were guarding Peter. For just as here, when the child had fled, other children are slaughtered instead of the one sought; so also then, when the angel had delivered Peter from the prison and the chains, a certain namesake and like-minded man to this tyrant, having sought and not found him, killed the soldiers guarding him instead of him. And what of this? one says. For this is not a solution, but an addition to the problem. I too know this, and for this reason I bring all such things into the discussion, so that I may apply one solution to all. What then is the solution to these things? And what plausible reason could we give? That Christ was not the cause of their slaughter, but the cruelty of the king; just as Peter was not for those men, but the folly of Herod. For if he had seen a wall dug through, or doors broken down, he might perhaps have had cause to accuse of negligence 57.177 the soldiers guarding the Apostle; but as it was, with all things remaining in their place, and the doors being shut, and the chains joined to the hands of the guards (for they were bound together with him), he could have deduced from these things, if indeed he had judged the events rightly, that what happened was not of human power, nor of villainy, but of some divine and wonder-working power, and to worship the one who did these things, but not to make war on the guards. For thus God did all the things that he did, so as not only not to betray the guards, but also to lead the king through them to the truth. But if that man proved ungrateful, what is the disorder of the one who is sick to the wise physician of souls who arranges all things for benefit? Which indeed it is also possible to say here. For what reason were you enraged, O Herod, having been mocked by the magi? Did you not know that the birth was divine? Did you not call the chief priests? Did you not gather the scribes? Did not they, having been called, bring the Prophet with them into your court, who proclaimed these things from of old? Did you not see the old things agreeing with the new? Did you not hear that a star also ministered to these things? Were you not ashamed at the zeal of the barbarians? Did you not marvel at their boldness? Did you not shudder at the truth of the Prophet? Did you not understand from the former things also the latter things? For what reason did you not reason with yourself from all these things, that what was happening was not from the deceit of the magi, but of a divine power ordering all things as is necessary? But even if you were deceived by the magi, what has that to do with the children who have done no wrong? 2. Yes, one says; but you have rightly deprived Herod of his defense, and have shown him to be bloodthirsty; but not yet the one concerning the injustice of what happened

αʹ. Καὶ μὴν οὐκ ἐχρῆν θυμωθῆναι, ἀλλὰ φοβηθῆναι καὶ συσταλῆναι, καὶ ἰδεῖν ὅτι ἀνηνύτοις ἐπιχειρεῖ πράγμασιν. Ἀλλ' οὐ καταστέλλεται. Ὅταν γὰρ ἀγνώμων ᾖ ψυχὴ καὶ ἀνίατος, οὐδενὶ εἴκει τῶν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ δεδομένων φαρμάκων. Ὅρα γοῦν καὶ τοῦτον τοῖς προτέροις ἐπαγωνιζόμενον, καὶ φόνῳ φόνους συνάπτοντα, καὶ κατὰ κρημνοῦ πανταχοῦ φερόμενον. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ὑπό τινος δαίμονος τῆς ὀργῆς ταύτης καὶ τῆς βασκανίας ἐκβακχευθεὶς, οὐδενὸς ποιεῖται λόγον, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τῆς φύσεως αὐτῆς μαίνεται, καὶ τὴν ὀργὴν τὴν κατὰ τῶν ἐμπαιξάντων μάγων, κατὰ τῶν οὐδὲν ἠδικηκότων παίδων ἀφίησι, συγγενὲς δρᾶμα τῶν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ γενομένων τότε ἐν Παλαιστίνῃ τολμῶν. Ἀποστείλας γὰρ, φησὶν, ἀνεῖλε πάντας τοὺς παῖδας τοὺς ἐν Βηθλεὲμ καὶ ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ὁρίοις αὐτῆς, ἀπὸ διετοῦς καὶ κατωτέρω, κατὰ τὸν χρόνον ὃν ἠκρίβωσε παρὰ τῶν μάγων. Ἐνταῦθά μοι μετὰ ἀκριβείας προσέχετε. Καὶ γὰρ πολλοὶ πολλὰ 57.176 φλυαροῦσιν ὑπὲρ τῶν παίδων τούτων, ἀδικίαν ἐγκαλοῦντες τοῖς γεγενημένοις· καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐπιεικέστερον ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν διαποροῦσιν, οἱ δὲ θρασύτερον καὶ μανικώτερον. Ἵν' οὖν τοὺς μὲν τῆς μανίας, τοὺς δὲ τῆς ἀπορίας ἀπαλλάξωμεν, ἀνάσχεσθε μικρὸν διαλεγομένων ἡμῶν περὶ τῆς ὑποθέσεως ταύτης. Εἰ γὰρ δὴ τοῦτο ἐγκαλοῦσιν, ὅτι περιώφθη τὰ παιδία ἀναιρούμενα, ἐγκαλέσουσι καὶ τῇ τῶν στρατιωτῶν σφαγῇ τῶν τὸν Πέτρον φυλαττόντων. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα τοῦ παιδίου φυγόντος, ἕτερα παιδία ἀντὶ τοῦ ζητουμένου κατασφάττεται· οὕτω δὴ καὶ τότε τὸν Πέτρον τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου καὶ τῶν ἁλύσεων ἀπαλλάξαντος τοῦ ἀγγέλου, ὁμώνυμός τις τοῦ τυράννου τούτου καὶ ὁμότροπος ζητήσας καὶ οὐχ εὑρὼν, τοὺς τηροῦντας αὐτὸν στρατιώτας ἀπέκτεινεν ἀντ' ἐκείνου. Καὶ τί τοῦτο; φησί· τοῦτο γὰρ οὐ λύσις, ἀλλὰ προσθήκη τοῦ ζητουμένου. Οἶδα κἀγὼ, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο εἰς μέσον πάντα φέρω τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἵνα πᾶσι μίαν ἐπαγάγω τὴν λύσιν. Τίς οὖν ἐστι τούτων ἡ λύσις; καὶ τίνα ἂν ἔχοιμεν λόγον εὐπρόσωπον εἰπεῖν; Ὅτι οὐχ ὁ Χριστὸς τῆς σφαγῆς αὐτοῖς αἴτιος γέγονεν, ἀλλ' ἡ ὠμότης τοῦ βασιλέως· ὥσπερ οὖν οὐδὲ ἐκείνοις ὁ Πέτρος, ἀλλ' ἡ ἄνοια τοῦ Ἡρώδου. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ τοῖχον διορυγέντα εἶδεν, ἢ θύρας ἀνατραπείσας, εἶχεν ἴσως ῥαθυμίαν ἐγ 57.177 καλέσαι τοῖς φυλάττουσι τὸν Ἀπόστολον στρατιώταις· νυνὶ δὲ πάντων ἐπὶ σχήματος μενόντων, καὶ τῶν θυρῶν ἀποκεκλεισμένων, καὶ τῶν ἁλύσεων ταῖς χέρσι τῶν φυλαττόντων συμβεβλημένων (καὶ γὰρ ἦσαν αὐτῷ συνδεδεμένοι), ἠδύνατο συλλογίσασθαι ἐκ τούτων, εἴγε ὀρθῶς ἐδίκαζε τοῖς γινομένοις, ὅτι οὐκ ἀνθρωπίνης δυνάμεως ἦν, οὐδὲ κακουργίας τὸ γινόμενον, ἀλλὰ θείας τινὸς καὶ παραδοξοποιοῦ δυνάμεως, καὶ προσκυνῆσαι τὸν ποιήσαντα ταῦτα, ἀλλ' οὐ πολεμῆσαι τοῖς φυλάττουσιν. Οὕτω γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς ἐποίησεν ἅπερ ἐποίησεν ἅπαντα, ὡς μὴ μόνον τοὺς φύλακας μὴ προδοῦναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν βασιλέα δι' αὐτῶν χειραγωγῆσαι πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Εἰ δὲ ἀγνώμων ἐκεῖνος ἐφάνη, τί πρὸς τὸν σοφὸν τῶν ψυχῶν ἰατρὸν καὶ πάντα ἐπ' εὐεργεσίᾳ πραγματευόμενον ἡ τοῦ κάμνοντος ἀταξία; Ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἔστιν εἰπεῖν. Τίνος γὰρ ἕνεκεν ἐθυμώθης, ὦ Ἡρώδη, παρὰ τῶν μάγων ἐμπαιχθείς; Οὐκ ἔγνως ὅτι θεῖος ὁ τόκος ἦν; οὐ σὺ τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς ἐκάλεσας; οὐ σὺ τοὺς γραμματέας συνήγαγες; οὐχὶ κληθέντες ἐκεῖνοι καὶ τὸν Προφήτην μεθ' ἑαυτῶν εἰς τὸ σὸν εἰσήγαγον δικαστήριον ταῦτα ἄνωθεν προαναφωνοῦντα; οὐκ εἶδες τὰ παλαιὰ τοῖς νέοις συμφωνοῦντα; οὐκ ἤκουσας ὅτι καὶ ἀστὴρ τούτοις διηκονήσατο; οὐκ ᾐδέσθης τῶν βαρβάρων τὴν σπουδήν; οὐκ ἐθαύμασας αὐτῶν τὴν παῤῥησίαν; οὐκ ἔφριξας τοῦ Προφήτου τὴν ἀλήθειαν; οὐκ ἐνενόησας ἀπὸ τῶν προτέρων καὶ τὰ ἔσχατα; Τίνος ἕνεκεν οὐκ ἐλογίσω κατὰ σεαυτὸν ἐκ τούτων ἁπάντων, ὅτι οὐ τῆς ἀπάτης τῶν μάγων ἦν τὸ γινόμενον, ἀλλὰ θείας δυνάμεως πάντα πρὸς τὸ δέον οἰκονομούσης; Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἠπατήθης παρὰ τῶν μάγων, τί πρὸς τὰ παιδία τὰ οὐδὲν ἠδικηκότα· βʹ. Ναὶ, φησίν· ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν Ἡρώδην καλῶς ἀπεστέρησας τῆς ἀπολογίας, καὶ μιαιφόνον ἔδειξας· οὐδέπω δὲ τὸν περὶ τῆς ἀδικίας τῶν γεγενημένων