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having prevailed over those in need, Aelius Hadrian succeeded to the principate. To him Quadratus addressed and presented a discourse, having composed an apology in behalf of our religion, because certain wicked men were attempting to trouble our people; and the writing is still extant among most of the brethren, and also with us. From which it is possible to see splendid proofs both of the man’s intellect 4.3.2 and of his apostolic orthodoxy. And he himself reveals his own antiquity in what he relates with these words: “But the works of our Savior were always present, for they were true: those who were healed, those who were raised from the dead, who were seen not only when they were being healed and raised, but were also always present; and not only while the Savior was on earth, but also after his departure, they were for a considerable time, so that some of them have reached even our own times.” 4.3.3 Such was he. And Aristides also, a faithful man devoted to our piety, in like manner to Quadratus, addressed an apology to Hadrian in behalf of the faith and has left it behind; and his writing is preserved to this day by many. 4.4.1 In the third year of the same principate, Alexander, bishop of the Romans, died, having completed the tenth year of his administration; Xystus was his successor. And about the same time, in the parish of Alexandria, Justus succeeded Primus, who died in the twelfth year of his presidency. But since I have in no way found their times preserved in writing—for tradition has it that they were very short-lived— 4.5.2 I have received this much from written sources, that until the siege of the Jews under Hadrian there had been fifteen successions of bishops there, all of whom, they say, were Hebrews from the beginning, who had genuinely accepted the knowledge of Christ, so that they were judged by those able to decide such matters as worthy even of the episcopal office. For at that time the whole church there was composed of faithful Hebrews who had continued from the time of the apostles until the siege which then took place, in which the Jews, having again revolted from the Romans, were conquered in no small 4.5.3 wars. Since, then, the bishops from the circumcision had ceased at that time, it would be necessary now to list them from the first. The first, therefore, was James, the one called the brother of the Lord; after him the second was Symeon; the third Justus; Zacchaeus the fourth; the fifth Tobias; the sixth Benjamin; John the seventh; the eighth Matthias; the ninth Philip; the tenth Seneca; the eleventh Justus; Levi the twelfth; Ephres the thirteenth; the fourteenth Joseph; and last of all the fifteenth, Judas. 4.5.4 These are the bishops of the city of Jerusalem who lived from the apostles until the time indicated, all of them 4.5.5 from the circumcision. And when the twelfth year of the reign was now at hand, Telesphorus, the seventh from the apostles, succeeded Xystus in the Roman episcopate, after Xystus had completed a ten-year term; and after an interval of a year and some months, Eumenes, as the sixth, succeeded to the presidency of the parish of Alexandria, his predecessor having served for eleven years. 4.6.1 And when the revolt of the Jews again grew to great and extensive proportions, Rufus, prefect of Judaea, when a military force was sent to him by the emperor, attacked them unsparingly, using their desperation, destroying at once myriads of men, women, and children, and enslaving their lands by the law of war. 4.6.2 The leader of the Jews at that time was a man named Bar Chochebas, which means star, a man who was in other respects murderous and bandit-like, but on the strength of his name, as if dealing with slaves, he claimed wondrously that he was a light who had come down to them from heaven to shine upon them in their afflictions. 4.6.3 And when the war reached its height in the eighteenth year of the principate at Biththera—it was a very strong little town, not very far distant from Jerusalem—and when the siege from without had become lengthy, by famine and thirst of the

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δέουσιν κρατήσαντος, Αἴλιος Ἁδριανὸς διαδέχεται τὴν ἡγεμονίαν. τούτῳ Κοδρᾶτος λόγον προσφωνήσας ἀναδίδωσιν, ἀπολογίαν συντάξας ὑπὲρ τῆς καθ' ἡμᾶς θεοσεβείας, ὅτι δή τινες πονηροὶ ἄνδρες τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἐνοχλεῖν ἐπειρῶντο· εἰς ἔτι δὲ φέρεται παρὰ πλείστοις τῶν ἀδελφῶν, ἀτὰρ καὶ παρ' ἡμῖν τὸ σύγγραμμα. ἐξ οὗ κατιδεῖν ἔστιν λαμπρὰ τεκμήρια τῆς τε τοῦ ἀνδρὸς δια4.3.2 νοίας καὶ τῆς ἀποστολικῆς ὀρθοτομίας. ὁ δ' αὐτὸς τὴν καθ' ἑαυτὸν ἀρχαιότητα παραφαίνει δι' ὧν ἱστορεῖ ταῦτα ἰδίαις φωναῖς· «τοῦ δὲ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν τὰ ἔργα ἀεὶ παρῆν ἀληθῆ γὰρ ἦν, οἱ θεραπευθέντες, οἱ ἀναστάντες ἐκ νεκρῶν, οἳ οὐκ ὤφθησαν μόνον θεραπευόμενοι καὶ ἀνιστάμενοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀεὶ παρόντες, οὐδὲ ἐπιδημοῦντος μόνον τοῦ σωτῆρος, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπαλλαγέντος ἦσαν ἐπὶ χρόνον ἱκανόν, ὥστε καὶ εἰς τοὺς ἡμετέρους χρόνους τινὲς αὐτῶν ἀφίκοντο». 4.3.3 τοιοῦτος μὲν οὗτος· καὶ Ἀριστείδης δέ, πιστὸς ἀνὴρ τῆς καθ' ἡμᾶς ὁρμώμενος εὐσεβείας, τῷ Κοδράτῳ παραπλησίως ὑπὲρ τῆς πίστεως ἀπολογίαν ἐπιφωνήσας Ἁδριανῷ καταλέλοιπεν· σῴζεται δέ γε εἰς δεῦρο παρὰ πλείστοις καὶ ἡ τούτου γραφή. 4.4.1 Ἔτει δὲ τρίτῳ τῆς αὐτῆς ἡγεμονίας Ἀλέξανδρος Ῥωμαίωνἐπίσκοπος τελευτᾷ, δέκατον τῆς οἰκονομίας ἀποπλήσας ἔτος· Ξύστος ἦν τούτῳ διάδοχος. καὶ τῆς Ἀλεξανδρέων δὲ παροικίας ἀμφὶ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον Πρῖμον μεταλλάξαντα δωδεκάτῳ τῆς προστασίας ἔτει διαδέχεται Ἰοῦστος. Τῶν γε μὴν ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἐπισκόπων τοὺς χρόνους γραφῇ σῳζομένους οὐδαμῶς εὑρών κομιδῇ γὰρ οὖν βραχυβίους αὐτοὺς 4.5.2 λόγος κατέχει γενέσθαι, τοσοῦτον ἐξ ἐγγράφων παρείληφα, ὡς μέχρι τῆς κατὰ Ἁδριανὸν Ἰουδαίων πολιορκίας πεντεκαίδεκα τὸν ἀριθμὸν αὐτόθι γεγόνασιν ἐπισκόπων διαδοχαί, οὓς πάντας Ἑβραίους φασὶν ὄντας ἀνέκαθεν, τὴν γνῶσιν τοῦ Χριστοῦ γνησίως καταδέξασθαι, ὥστ' ἤδη πρὸς τῶν τὰ τοιάδε ἐπικρίνειν δυνατῶν καὶ τῆς τῶν ἐπισκόπων λειτουργίας ἀξίους δοκιμασθῆναι· συνεστάναι γὰρ αὐτοῖς τότε τὴν πᾶσαν ἐκκλησίαν ἐξ Ἑβραίων πιστῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων καὶ εἰς τὴν τότε διαρκεσάντων πολιορκίαν, καθ' ἢν Ἰουδαῖοι Ῥωμαίων αὖθις ἀποστάντες, οὐ μικροῖς 4.5.3 πολέμοις ἥλωσαν. διαλελοιπότων δ' οὖν τηνικαῦτα τῶν ἐκ περιτομῆς ἐπισκόπων, τοὺς ἀπὸ πρώτου νῦν ἀναγκαῖον ἂν εἴη καταλέξαι. πρῶτος τοιγαροῦν Ἰάκωβος ὁ τοῦ κυρίου λεγόμενος ἀδελφὸς ἦν· μεθ' ὃν δεύτερος Συμεών· τρίτος Ἰοῦστος· Ζακχαῖος τέταρτος· πέμπτος Τωβίας· ἕκτος Βενιαμίν· Ἰωάννης ἕβδομος· ὄγδοος Ματθίας· ἔνατος Φίλιππος· δέκατος Σενέκας· ἑνδέκατος Ἰοῦστος· Λευὶς δωδέκατος· Ἐφρῆς τρισκαιδέκατος· τεσσαρεσκαιδέκατος Ἰωσήφ· ἐπὶ πᾶσι πεντεκαιδέκατος Ἰούδας. 4.5.4 τοσοῦτοι καὶ οἱ ἐπὶ τῆς Ἱεροσολύμων πόλεως ἐπίσκοποι ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων εἰς τὸν δηλούμενον διαγενόμενοι χρόνον, οἱ 4.5.5 πάντες ἐκ περιτομῆς. ἤδη δὲ δωδέκατον ἐχούσης ἔτος τῆς ἡγεμονίας, Ξύστον δεκαέτη χρόνον ἀποπλήσαντα ἐπὶ τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἐπισκοπῆς ἕβδομος ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων διαδέχεται Τελεσφόρος· ἐνιαυτοῦ δὲ μεταξὺ καὶ μηνῶν διαγενομένου, τῆς Ἀλεξανδρέων παροικίας τὴν προστασίαν Εὐμένης ἕκτῳ κλήρῳ διαδέχεται, τοῦ πρὸ αὐτοῦ ἔτεσιν ἕνδεκα διαρκέσαντος. 4.6.1 Καὶ δῆτα τῆς Ἰουδαίων ἀποστασίας αὖθις εἰς μέγα καὶ πολὺ προελθούσης, Ῥοῦφος ἐπάρχων τῆς Ἰουδαίας, στρατιωτικῆς αὐτῷ συμμαχίας ὑπὸ βασιλέως πεμφθείσης, ταῖς ἀπονοίαις αὐτῶν ἀφειδῶς χρώμενος ἐπεξῄει, μυριάδας ἀθρόως ἀνδρῶν ὁμοῦ καὶ παίδων καὶ γυναικῶν διαφθείρων πολέμου τε νόμῳ 4.6.2 τὰς χώρας αὐτῶν ἐξανδραποδιζόμενος. ἐστρατήγει δὲ τότε Ἰουδαίων Βαρχωχεβας ὄνομα, ὃ δὴ ἀστέρα δηλοῖ, τὰ μὲν ἄλλα φονικὸς καὶ λῃστρικός τις ἀνήρ, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ προσηγορίᾳ, οἷα ἐπ' ἀνδραπόδων, ὡς δὴ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ φωστὴρ αὐτοῖς κατεληλυ4.6.3 θὼς κακουμένοις τε ἐπιλάμψαι τερατευόμενος. ἀκμάσαντος δὲ τοῦ πολέμου ἔτους ὀκτωκαιδεκάτου τῆς ἡγεμονίας κατὰ Βηθθηρα πολίχνη τις ἦν ὀχυρωτάτη, τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων οὐ σφόδρα πόρρω διεστῶσα τῆς τε ἔξωθεν πολιορκίας χρονίου γενομένης λιμῷ τε καὶ δίψει τῶν