57

which the Egyptians discovered, and figures and shadows and the meteorology honored by the Chaldeans, he himself opposes, as his brother not thinking brotherly things to this one, and with him also contradicting me. To whom one might say: O wonderful one, he who comes through all virtue has also been benefited by vain things, just as Gregory says he was benefited in Athens from the superstitious error, "having mocked the demons, where demons are admired." If, then, someone should call superstition harmful, will you not say this contradicts the great one? You would certainly say not in the least, unless you also (p. 288) wish to be superstitious. In the same way, therefore, he who calls it vain and harmful does not contradict the one who says there is some benefit from geometry and the other studies for one who comes through all virtue. For evil assists the good with no good intention, and the flesh of a serpent becomes saving nourishment, but after it has been killed and prepared by the methods of a great medical art. For in those cases, the Egyptians who discovered and the Chaldeans who honored geometry and astronomy did not discover and honor them as being profitable for the knowledge of God, but they raised a kind of dreadful dividing wall between God and men, and speaking loftily through these studies, they led up to the stars the reverence owed by men to God, and they drew down the cause of things that are and that come to be from God to these things.

Do you see how these studies are an intelligible serpent, as far as they were concerned, separating man from God through deceit? But if he who comes through all virtue was also benefited through them, it was by taking down and dividing and preparing and using them with reason, as I myself propose to the one whom you have wrongly chosen to contradict, and moreover by not growing old in the research of vain things, but discerning what must be overlooked, just as Athanasius the Great did, choosing the beneficial education and making a renunciation of the useless and harmful, as the great Basil says, Basil who well acquired the Egyptian wealth, that is, the outside education, during the time of his youth, then, having advanced in age, renounced it, being clear in this that he was ashamed to be called a child, that is, a disciple of this holy one, according to what was said by his brother about Moses: "For if the barren and (p. 290) sterile daughter of the king, whom I think," he says, "is properly understood as outside philosophy, adopting the youth should prepare him to be called the mother of such a one, until then reason allows that the affinity of the falsely-named mother not be thrust away, as long as one sees the immaturity of age in himself; but he who has run up to the height, as we learned concerning Moses, will consider it a shame to be called a child of the barren one; for truly the outside education is barren, always in labor but never bringing forth a living child from the birth. For what fruit of its long labors did philosophy show? Are not all wind-eggs and fruitless, miscarried before coming to the light of the knowledge of God, perhaps able to become men, if they were not completely enveloped in the bosoms of the barren wisdom?". Therefore let one live with this only so much as not to seem to be without a share in the revered things that come from it.

Thus the saints think the same things with each other, and we safely follow them. But you, who clearly counterfeit even the sayings of the saints, how could we accept you as an interpreter of them? For this one, who did not even think it worthy to call the Greek wise men 'men' and who hesitated that they could become men, and this for no other reason than that they devoted their life to this philosophy and to the philosophical studies—of this one, then, who related concerning him who had partaken for a long time of the present life, how "he saw," he heard, he was instructed in geometry and

57

ἥν ἐξεῦρον Αἰγύπτιοι, σχήματά τε καίσκιάς καί μετεωρολογίαν τήν παρά τῶν Χαλδαίων τετιμημένην, αὐτός ἀντιτίθησιν ὡς μή ἀδελφά φρονοῦντα τούτῳ τόν ἀδελφόν, καί σύν ἐκείνῳ καί πρός ἐμέ ἀντιλέγοντα. Πρός ὅν ἄν τις εἶπεν˙ ὦ θαυμάσιε, ὁ διά πάσης ἀρετῆς ἥκων κἀκ τῶν ματαίων ὠφέληται, ὡς καί Γρηγόριος φησίν ἐκ τῆς δεισιδαίμονος πλάνης ἐν Ἀθήναις ὠφεληθῆναι, «καταγελάσας δαιμόνων, οὗ θαυμάζονται δαίμονες». Εἴ τις οὖν βλαβεράν τήν δεισιδαιμονίαν ἐρεῖ, οὐ τοῦτο ἀντιλέγειν ἐρεῖς τῷ μεγάλῳ; Πάντως ἥκιστα φαίης, εἰ μή καί (σελ. 288) δεισιδαίμων ἐθέλεις εἶναι. Τόν αὐτόν ἄρα τρόπον οὐδέ τῷ λέγοντι καί παρά γεωμετρίας καί τῶν ἄλλων μαθημάτων ὄνησιν εἶναι τινα γενέσθαι τῷ διά πάσης ἀρετῆς ἥκοντι ὁ λέγων ἐκείνην ματαίαν καί βλαβεράν ἀντιλέγει. Συνεργεῖ γάρ τό κακόν τῷ ἀγαθῷ προαιρέσει οὐ καλῇ καί σάρξ ὄφεως τροφή γίνεται σωτήριος, ἀλά θανατωθέντος αὐτοῦ καί μετασκευασθέντος μεγαλοτέχνου μεθόδοις ἰατρικῆς. Οὐδέ γάρ ἐπ᾿ ἐκείνων οἱ ἐξευρόντες Αἰγύπτιοι καί οἱ τετιμηκότες Χαλδαῖοι ὡς πρός θεογνωσίαν λυσιτελούσας γεωμετρίαν τε καί ἀστρονομίαν ἐξεῦρόν τε καί ἐτίμησαν, ἀλλ᾿ οἷόν τι δεινόν διατείχισμα μέσον Θεοῦ καί ἀνθρώπων ἀνήγειραν καί διά τῶν μαθημάτων σεμνολογήσαντες ἀνήγαγον μέν πρός ἀστέρας τό παρ᾿ ἀνθρώπων τῷ θεῷ ὀφειλόμενον σέβας, κατέσπασαν δέ τήν αἰτίαν τῶν τε ὄντων καί γινομένων ἀπό τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐπί ταῦτα.

Ὁρᾷς ὅπως ὄφις νοητός, τό γε εἰς ἐκείνους ἧκον, ταυτί τά μαθήματα χωρίζοντα τοῦ Θεοῦ δι᾿ ἀπάτης τόν ἄνθρωπον; Εἰ δ᾿ ὁ διά πάσης ἀρετῆς ἥκων καί δι᾿ αὐτῶν ὤνατο, ἀλλά καθελών τε καί διελών καί συσκευασάμενος καί σύν λόγῳ χρησάμενος, ὡς αὐτός εἰσηγοῦμαι πρός ὅν ἀντιλέγειν κακῶς προήρησαι, πρός δέ μηδ᾿ ἐν τῇ τῶν ματαίων ἐρεύνῃ καταγηράσας, ἀλλά συνιδών ὧν ὑπερορᾶν δέον, ὡς καί Ἀθανάσιος ὁ μέγας, ἑλόμενός τε τήν ὠφέλιμον παιδείαν καί ἀποταγήν ποιησάμενος τῆς ἀνονήτου καί βλαβερᾶς, ὡς ὁ μέγας φησί Βασίλειος, Βασίλειος ὁ καλῶς τόν αἰγύπτιον πλοῦτον, τήν ἔξω δηλαδή παίδευσιν, κατά τόν τῆς νεότητος χρόνον ἐμπορευσάμενος, εἶτα τήν ἡλικίαν προήκων ἀποταξάμενος ταύτῃ δῆλος ὤν ἐν αἰσχύνῃ τιθέμενος τῆς ἁγίου ταύτης παῖς τουτέστι μαθητής ὀνομάζεσθαι, κατά τό περί Μωσέως ὑπό τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ εἰρημένον˙ «εἰ γάρ ἡ ἄγονός τε καί (σελ. 290) στεῖρα βασιλέως οὖσα θυγάτηρ, ἥν οἶμαι», φησί, «τήν ἐξω κυρίως νοεῖσθαι φιλοσοφίαν, ὑποβαλλομένη τόν νέον μήτηρ τοῦ τοιούτου κληθῆναι κατασκευάσειεν, ἕως τότε συγχωρεῖ ὁ λόγος μή ἀπωθεῖσθαι τήν τῆς ψευδωνύμου μητρός οἰκειότητα, ἕως ἄν τις τό ἀτελές τῆς ἡλικίας ἐν ἑαυτῷ βλέπῃ˙ὁ δέ πρός ὕψος ἀναδραμών, ὡς περί Μωσέως ἐμάθομεν, αἰσχύνην ἡγήσεται τῆς ἀγόνου παῖς ὀνομάζεσθαι˙ ἄγονος γάρ ὡς ἀληθῶς ἡ ἔξωθεν παίδευσις, ἀεί ὠδίνουσα καί μηδέποτε ζωογονοῦσα τῷ τοκετῷ. Τίνα γάρ ἔδειξε καρπόν τῶν μακρῶν ὠδίνων ἡ φιλοσοφία; Οὐ πάντες ὑπηνέμιοί τε καί ἀτελεσφόρητοι, πρίν εἰς τό φῶς ἐλθεῖν τῆς θεογνωσίας ἀμβλίσκονται, δυνάμενοι ἴσως γενέσθαι ἄνθρωποι, εἰ μή διόλου τοῖς κόλποις τῆς ἀγόνου σοφίας ἐνεκαλύπτοντο;». Οὐκοῦν τοσοῦτόν τις ταύτῃ συζήσῃ, ὅσον μή δοκεῖν ἄμοιρος εἶναι τῶν παρά ταύτῃ σεμνῶν.

Οὕτω τά αὐτά φρονοῦσιν ἀλλήλοις οἱ ἅγιοι καί ἡμεῖς ἐκείνοις ἀσφαλῶς ἑπόμεθα. Σέ δέ τόν σαφῶς καί τάς ρήσεις τῶν ἁγίων παραχαράττοντα, πῶς ἐξηγητήν ἐκείνων δεξαίμεθα; Τούτου γάρ τοῦ μηδ᾿ ἀνθρώπους ἀξιοῦντος τούς καθ᾿ Ἕλληνας σοφούς καλεῖν καί τό δύνασθαι γενέσθαι τούτους κατ᾿ ἀνθρώπους ἐπιδιστάζοντος, καί ταῦτα παρ᾿ οὐδέν ἕτερον ὅτι μή τῷ διά βίου τῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ ταύτῃ προσέχειν καί τοῖς κατά φιλοσοφίαν μαθήμασι, τούτου τοίνυν περί τοῦ μετασχόντος ἐπί πολύ τοῦ παρόντος βίου διεξιόντος, ὠς «εἶδεν», ἤκουσεν, ἐπαιδεύθη γεωμετρίαν τε καί