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Let the earth bring forth the living soul. Therefore, the soul of the irrational animals did not appear lying hidden in the earth, but it came into existence together with the command. But the soul of irrational animals is one. For one thing characterizes it, irrationality. But each of the animals is distinguished by different properties. For the ox is steady, but the donkey is sluggish; the horse is ardent in its desire for the female; the wolf is untamable, and the fox is cunning; the deer is timid; the ant is industrious; the dog is grateful and mindful of friendship. For each was created at the same time, and brought with it the property of its nature. Anger was born together with the lion, its solitary way of life, its lack of community with its own kind. For like some tyrant of the irrational animals, on account of its natural arrogance, it does not accept equality with the many. Indeed, it does not accept yesterday's food, nor would it approach the leftovers of its own prey; for which nature has also placed such great vocal organs, so that many animals excelling in speed are often captured by its roar alone. The leopard is impetuous, and swift in its impulses; its body is suitably joined with suppleness and lightness, following the movements of its soul. The nature of the bear is sluggish, its character also peculiar, insidious, deeply ingrained. Its body is similarly clothed, heavy, solid, inflexible, truly befitting a creature that hibernates in a lair. If we consider in our discourse how much untaught and natural care for their own life exists in these irrational animals, we will either be moved to the protection of ourselves and the providence of our souls, or we will be condemned all the more, when we are found to fall short even of imitating the irrational animals. A bear, often wounded by the deepest blows, heals itself, by every means stuffing its wounds with this mullein, which has a dry nature. And you might see a fox healing itself with the tear of the pine. And a tortoise, having eaten the flesh of a viper, escapes the harm of the venomous creature through the counteracting property of oregano. And a snake cures the affliction in its eyes by eating fennel. And their foreknowledge of the change in the weather, what rational understanding do they not conceal? Whereupon the sheep, as winter approaches, greedily attacks its food, as if provisioning itself for the coming scarcity. And oxen, shut up for a long time in the winter season, when spring is finally approaching, anticipating the change by their natural sense, look from their stalls toward the exits, all changing their posture at one signal. And indeed, some of the diligent have observed the land-urchin contriving double air-holes in its den, and when the north wind is about to blow, blocking the northern one; but when the south wind takes over again, moving to the one facing north. What is shown to us humans through these things? Not only that the care of him who created us extends through all things, but also that there is in irrational animals a certain sense of the future, so that we too should not be melted to this present life, but have all diligence for the age to come. Will you not be industrious for yourself, O man? will you not, looking to the example of the ant, store up in the present age the rests of the age to come? Who in summer treasures up for himself winter food, and not because the pains of winter are not yet present, does he pass the time in idleness; but with an unrelenting zeal he devotes himself to the work, until he has stored up sufficient food in his storerooms; and not even this idly, but by some wise contrivance devising for the food to last for a very long time. For with its mandibles it cuts the very middle of the seeds, so that they might not sprout and become useless to it for food. And it airs them out, when it perceives them to be damp; and it does not bring them out at every opportunity, but when it foresees that the air will remain in a calm state.

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Ἐξαγαγέτω ἡ γῆ ψυχὴν ζῶσαν. Οὐ τοίνυν ἐναποκειμένη τῇ γῇ ἡ ψυχὴ τῶν ἀλόγων ἐξεφάνη, ἀλλ' ὁμοῦ τῷ προστάγματι συνυπέστη. Μία δὲ ψυχὴ τῶν ἀλόγων. Ἓν γὰρ αὐτὴν τὸ χαρακτηρίζον ἐστὶν, ἡ ἀλογία. Ἰδιώμασι δὲ διαφόροις ἕκαστον τῶν ζῴων κέκριται. Εὐσταθὴς μὲν γὰρ ὁ βοῦς, νωθὴς δὲ ὁ ὄνος· θερμὸς δὲ ὁ ἵππος πρὸς ἐπιθυμίαν τοῦ θήλεος· ἀτιθάσσευτος ὁ λύκος, καὶ δολερὸν ἡ ἀλώπηξ· δειλὸν ἡ ἔλαφος· ὁ μύρμηξ φιλόπονος· εὐχάριστον ὁ κύων καὶ πρὸς φιλίαν μνημονικόν. Ὁμοῦ τε γὰρ ἐκτίσθη ἕκαστον, καὶ συνεπηγάγετο ἑαυτῷ τῆς φύσεως τὸ ἰδίωμα. Συναπεγεννήθη ὁ θυμὸς τῷ λέοντι, τὸ μοναστικὸν αὐτοῦ τῆς ζωῆς, τὸ ἀκοινώνητον πρὸς τὸ ὁμόφυλον. Οἷον γάρ τις τύραννος τῶν ἀλόγων, διὰ τὴν ἐκ φύσεως ὑπεροψίαν, τὴν πρὸς τοὺς πολλοὺς ὁμοτιμίαν οὐ καταδέχεται. Ὅς γε οὐδὲ χθιζὴν τροφὴν προσίεται, οὐδ' ἂν τὰ λείψανα τῆς ἑαυτοῦ θήρας ἐπέλθοι· ᾧ καὶ τηλικαῦτα τῆς φωνῆς τὰ ὄργανα ἡ φύσις ἐνέθηκεν, ὥστε πολλὰ τῶν ζῴων ὑπερβάλλοντα τῇ ταχύτητι, μόνῳ πολλάκις ἁλίσκεσθαι τῷ βρυχήματι. Ῥαγδαῖον ἡ πάρδαλις, καὶ ὀξύρροπον ταῖς ὁρμαῖς· ἐπιτήδειον αὐτῇ τὸ σῶμα συνέζευκται τῇ ὑγρότητι καὶ τῷ κούφῳ τοῖς τῆς ψυχῆς κινήμασι συνεπόμενον. Νωθρὰ ἡ φύσις τῆς ἄρκτου, ἰδιότροπον καὶ τὸ ἦθος, ὕπουλον, βαθὺ ἐνδεδυκός. Ὅμοιον ἠμφίεσται καὶ τὸ σῶμα, βαρὺ, συμπεπηγὸς, ἀδιάρθρωτον, πρέπον τῷ ὄντι φωλάδι κατεψυγμένῃ. Ἐὰν ἐπερχώμεθα τῷ λόγῳ πόση τοῖς ἀλόγοις τούτοις ἐνυπάρχει ἀδίδακτος καὶ φυσικὴ τῆς ἑαυτῶν ζωῆς ἐπιμέλεια, ἢ πρὸς τὴν ἡμῶν αὐτῶν φυλακὴν καὶ τῆς τῶν ψυχῶν σωτηρίας πρόνοιαν κινηθησόμεθα, ἢ ἐπιπλέον κατακριθησόμεθα, ὅταν εὑρεθῶμεν καὶ τῆς μιμήσεως τῶν ἀλόγων ἀπολειπόμενοι. Ἄρκτος πολλάκις βαθυτάταις κατα- τρωθεῖσα πληγαῖς, ἑαυτὴν ἰατρεύει, πάσαις μηχαναῖς τῷ φλόμῳ τούτῳ ξηρὰν τὴν φύσιν ἔχοντι τὰς ὠτειλὰς παραβύουσα. Ἴδοις δ' ἂν καὶ ἀλώπεκα τῷ δακρύῳ τῆς πίτυος ἑαυτὴν ἰωμένην. Χελώνη δὲ σαρκῶν ἐχίδνης ἐμφορηθεῖσα, διὰ τῆς τοῦ ὀριγάνου ἀντιπαθείας φεύγει τὴν βλάβην τοῦ ἰοβόλου. Καὶ ὄφις τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς βλάβην ἐξιᾶται βοσκηθεὶς μάραθρον. Αἱ δὲ προγνώσεις τῆς περὶ τὸν ἀέρα μεταβολῆς ποίαν οὐχὶ σύνεσιν λογικὴν ἀποκρύπτουσιν; Ὅπου γε τὸ μὲν πρόβατον, χειμῶνος προσιόντος, λάβρως τὴν τροφὴν ἐπεμβάλλεται, ὥσπερ ἐπισιτιζόμενον πρὸς τὴν μέλλουσαν ἔνδειαν. Βόες δὲ κατακεκλεισμένοι χρονίως ἐν ὥρᾳ χειμερινῇ, ἤδη ποτὲ τοῦ ἔαρος προσιόντος, τῇ φυσικῇ αἰσθήσει τὴν μεταβολὴν ἐκδεχόμενοι, ἐκ τῶν βοοστασίων πρὸς τὰς ἐξόδους ὁρῶσι, πάντες ὑφ' ἑνὶ συνθήματι μεταβαλόντες τὸ σχῆμα. Ἤδη δέ τινες τῶν φιλοπόνων καὶ τὸν χερσαῖον ἐχῖνον ἐτήρησαν διπλᾶς ἀναπνοὰς τῇ ἑαυτοῦ καταδύσει μηχανησάμενον, καὶ μέλλοντος μὲν βορέου πνεῖν, ἀποφράσσοντα τὴν ἀρκτῴαν· νότου δὲ πάλιν μεταλαμβάνοντος, εἰς τὴν προσάρκτιον μεταβαίνοντα. Τί διὰ τούτων ἡμῖν ὑποδείκνυται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις; Οὐ μόνον τὸ διὰ πάντων διήκειν τοῦ κτίσαντος ἡμᾶς τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ παρὰ τοῖς ἀλόγοις εἰναί τινα τοῦ μέλλοντος αἴσθησιν, ὥστε καὶ ἡμᾶς μὴ τῇ παρούσῃ ζωῇ προστετηκέναι, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος τὴν πᾶσαν ἔχειν σπουδήν. Οὐ φιλοπονήσεις περὶ σεαυτοῦ, ἄνθρωπε; οὐκ ἐν τῷ παρόντι αἰῶνι προαποθήσεις τὰς τοῦ μέλλοντος ἀναπαύσεις, πρὸς τὸ ὑπόδειγμα τοῦ μύρμηκος ἀποβλέψας; Ὃς ἐν θέρει τὴν χειμέριον τροφὴν ἑαυτῷ θησαυρίζει, καὶ οὐχ ὅτι μήπω πάρεστι τὰ τοῦ χειμῶνος λυπηρὰ, διὰ ῥᾳθυμίας παραπέμπει τὸν χρόνον· ἀλλὰ σπουδῇ τινι ἀπαραιτήτῳ πρὸς τὴν ἐργασίαν ἑαυτὸν κατατείνει, ἕως ἂν τὴν ἀρκοῦσαν τροφὴν ἐναπόθηται τοῖς ταμιείοις· καὶ οὐδὲ τοῦτο ῥᾳθύμως, ἀλλὰ σοφῇ τινι ἐπινοίᾳ τὴν τροφὴν ἐπιπλεῖστον διαρκεῖν μηχανώμενος. ∆ιακόπτει γὰρ ταῖς ἑαυτοῦ χηλαῖς τῶν καρπῶν τὸ μεσαίτατον, ὡς ἂν μὴ ἐκφυέντες ἄχρηστοι πρὸς τροφὴν αὐτῷ γένοιντο. Καὶ διαψύχει τούτους, ὅταν αἴσθηται αὐτῶν διαβρόχων· καὶ οὐκ ἐν παντὶ προβάλλει καιρῷ, ἀλλ' ὅταν προαίσθηται τοῦ ἀέρος ἐν εὐδινῇ καταστάσει φυλαττομένου.