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and of activities, is the end, (σελ. 302) as you yourself declare in many places in your treatises as you proceed? Why then do you stir up your anger against us who say with Paul that the wisdom of the Greeks has been made ineffective and has been made foolish? For the wisdom of some is not wisdom-in-itself.

But let us see what sort of wisdom-in-itself you are clearly advocating here too. Is it that which has its being in the so-called philosophers and in their writings? And yet you yourself say that the knowledge of the philosophers is not and is not called philosophy, nor the writings of this or that person, but that these things are not philosophy itself, but the result of philosophy. You were driven by necessity to say this, so that you might show only one idea of knowledge, as you call it, and not many so-called philosophies. Therefore, if none of those things is philosophy, neither does what you call wisdom-in-itself have its being in them, according to you. For in what things it has its being, from it they would be called, just as we all are called men from the universal form which has its being in us. If then this wisdom-in-itself of yours is not in those things, where will it have its being? In God? and yet again, as you proceed, you say that the philosophy you exalt is foolishness with God; therefore, it is not that which is in Him in an ineffable way, which you yourself call wisdom-in-itself, nor in the things that have been made by Him, since that would never be called philosophy; but your argument is on behalf of philosophy. If then this has its being neither in God nor in men, but is nevertheless an idea, it therefore subsists in itself; and Plato will come back to life for us again with the twitterings of his evil opinion.

Therefore, one might simply and concisely state the truth about the external philosophy derived from studies in this way, that the philosophy of each person might be called the treatise in the writings or discourses of each philosopher, and the common one is that which is contemplated by all (σελ. 304) philosophers, but made foolish is the wisdom that has fallen away from its proper end, the knowledge of God. But the wisdom which has not suffered this is not made foolish; for how could it be, when it attains its natural end and returns to God, the giver of nature? Such is the wisdom of the pious and learned men of our time, who have truly and manfully cast off what is harmful and selected what is profitable, and have commended it to the Church of God and fittingly harmonized it with the wisdom of the Spirit. I, therefore, think that the truth lies in this. But this champion of the external and foolish philosophy, having heard Paul say, "God has made foolish the wisdom of this world," says that it is made foolish when compared to the wisdom of God, just as every human virtue and thought is. And since I do not accept this, but clearly show the truth through many arguments, he, being unable to contradict, votes down my arguments with sophistries. Let those arguments of mine about profitable philosophy then be laid down in my former discourse; for they still stand unmolested and remain irrefutable.

And now I would ask the one who makes foolish by comparison the wisdom he advocates: and how is it that it is nowhere written that God has defiled every human virtue and made foolish every thought, as He has also made foolish the wisdom of this world? For where does a form of comparison appear here in the apostolic sayings? But just as God hardened the hearts of the Jews and hardened the heart of Pharaoh and gave over the wise men of the Greeks to a reprobate mind, it is not a matter of comparison, but of abandonment, so in the same way also is the phrase "He made foolish"; since, what does it mean that God put those wise men to shame, and that He made them ineffective, and that He rejected them, and this very thing, that He gave them over to a reprobate mind? Did the apostle say these things also by way of comparison? And who that has understanding would accept this? (σελ. 306) Or rather, who that knows how to follow the apostolic sayings, leaving those things to be understood without comparison, as he taught, would be persuaded by you who make a comparison? "For the things...

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καί ἐνεργείας, τέλος ἐστίν, (σελ. 302) ὡς αὐτός πολλαχοῦ τῶν λόγων ἀποφαίνῃ προϊών; Τί τοίνυν καθ᾿ ἡμῶν τούς θυμούς ἐγείρεις τήν τῶν Ἑλλήνων σοφίαν κατηργημένην καί μεμωραμένην μετά Παύλου λεγόντων; Οὐ γάρ ἡ τινῶν σοφία αὐτοσοφία ἐστίν.

Ἀλλά γάρ ἴδωμεν καί τίνα κἀνταῦθα δῆλος εἶ πρεσβεύων αὐτοσοφίαν. Ἆρα τήν ἐν τοῖς ὀνομαζομένοις φιλοσόφοις κἀν τοῖς τούτων συγγράμμασιν ἔχουσαν τό εἶναι; Καί μήν αὐτός φής μή εἶναι μηδέ λέγεσθαι φιλοσοφίαν τήν γνῶσιν τῶν φιλοσόφων, μηδέ τά τοῦ δεῖνος ἤ τοῦ δεῖνος συγγράμματα, ἀλλ᾿ ἔστιν ἅ τούτων, οὐκ αὐτά φιλοσοφίαν, ἀλλ᾿ ἀποτέλεσμα φιλοσοφίας εἶναι. Τοῦτο δ᾿ εἰς ἀνάγκην περιέστης εἰπεῖν, ἵνα δείξῃς μίαν μόνην ἥν φής γνώσεως ἰδέαν, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ πολλάς λεγομένας φιλοσοφίας. Οὐκοῦν εἰ μηδέν ἐκείνων φιλοσοφία ἐστίν, οὐδ᾿ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἔχει τό εἶναι κατά σέ, ἤν λέγεις αὐτοσοφίαν. Ἐν οἷς γάρ ἔχει τό εἶναι, ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἄν ἐκεῖνα κληθεῖεν, ὥσπερ καί ἄνθρωποι πάντες ἡμεῖς ἀπό τοῦ καθόλου εἴδους ἀκούομεν ἐν ἡμῖν ἔχοντος τό εἶναι. Εἰ τοίνυν μή ἐν ἐκείνοις ἡ αὐτοσοφία σοι αὕτη, ποῦ σχήσει τό εἶναι; Ἐν τῷ Θεῷ; καί μήν πάλιν αὐτός προϊών λέγεις μωρίαν εἶναι παρά τῷ Θεῷ, ἥν ἐξαίρεις φιλοσοφίαν˙ οὔκουν ἡ ἐν αὐτῷ τό ἄφραστον ἐνοῦσα τρόπον, ἥν αὐτός λέγεις αὐτοσοφίαν, ἀλλ᾿ οὐδ᾿ ἐν τοῖς ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ γεγενημένοις, ἐπεί μηδέ φιλοσοφία ποτ᾿ ἄν ἐκεῖνο κληθείη˙ σοί δ᾿ ὑπέρ φιλοσοφίας ὁ λόγος. Εἰ τοίνυν αὕτη μήτ᾿ ἐν θεῷ μήτ᾿ ἐν ἀνθρώποις ἔχει τό εἶναι, ἔστι δ᾿ ὅμως ἰδέα οὖσα, καθ᾿ ἑαυτήν οὐκοῦν ἐστιν ὑφεστῶσα˙ καί Πλάτων ἡμῖν αὖθις ἀναβιώσεται μετά τῶν τῆς κακοδοξίας τερετισμάτων.

Τοιγαροῦν ταύτῃ τἀληθές περί τῆς ἐκ μαθημάτων τῶν ἔξω φιλοσοφίας ἁπλῶς καί συντόμως φαίη τις ἄν, ὡς φιλοσοφία μέν ἑκάστου καλοῖτ᾿ ἄν ἡ ἐν συγγράμμασιν ἤ λόγοις ἑκάστου φιλοσόφοις πραγματεία, κοινή δέ ἡ πᾶσι (σελ. 304) φιλοσόφοις ἐνθεωρουμένη, μεμωραμένη δέ ἡ τοῦ προσήκοντος σοφία τέλους τῆς θεογνωσίας ἐκπεσοῦσα. Ἡ δέ μή τοῦτο πεπονθυῖα, οὐδέ μεμωραμένη˙ πῶς γάρ, τοῦ φύσει γιγνομένου τέλους ἐπιτυγχάνουσα καί πρός τόν δοτῆρα τῆς φύσεως ἐπιστρεφομένη Θεόν; Τοιαύτη δέ ἐστιν ἡ τῶν ἐφ᾿ ἡμῶν εὐσεβῶν καί ἐλλογίμων ἀνδρῶν, ἀνδρικῶς ὄντως ἀποτιναξαμένη τό βλάπτον καί τό λυσιτελές ἀπολεξαμένη καί τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκκλησίᾳ συστήσασα καί ἐμμελῶς ἁρμοσαμένη τῇ σοφίᾳ τοῦ Πνεύματος. Ἐγώ μέν οὖν ταύτῃ τἀληθές ἔχειν οἴομαι. Ὁ δέ τῆς ἔξω καί μεμωραμένης φιλοσοφίας οὗτος ὑπέρμαχος, καί τό «ἐμώρανεν ὁ Θεός τήν σοφίαν τοῦ κόσμου τούτου» Παύλου λέγοντος ἀκούσας, ὡς συγκρινομένην πρός τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ σοφίαν φησί μωραίνεσθαι, ὥσπερ καί πᾶσαν ἀνθρωπίνην ἀρετήν καί διάνοιαν. Κἀμοῦ μή τοῦτο παραδεχομένου, δεικνύντος δέ διά πολλῶν σαφῶς τἀληθές, αὐτός ἀντιλέγειν οὐκ ἔχων σοφιστείας καταψηφίζεται. Κείσθω μέν οὖν ἐν τῷ προτέρῳ μοι περί λυσιτελοῦς φιλοσοφίας ἐκεῖνα λόγῳ˙ καί γάρ ἀνεπηρεάστως ἔτ᾿ ἔχει καί ἀναντίρρητα μένει.

Καί νῦν δ᾿ ἄν ἐροίμην τόν ἐκ συγκρίσεως μωραίνοντα τήν ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ προεσβευομένην σοφίαν καί πῶς οὐδαμοῦ γέγραπται ὅτι ἐμίανεν ὁ Θεός πᾶσαν ἀνθρωπίνην ἀρετήν καί ἐμώρανε πᾶσαν διάνοιαν, ὡς καί τήν τοῦ κόσμου τούτου σοφίαν ἐμώρανε; Ποῦ γάρ συγκρίσεως εἶδος ἐνταῦθα τῶν ἀποστολικῶν ἀναφαίνεται ρημάτων; Ἀλλ᾿ ὥσπερ ἐπώρωσεν ὁ Θεός τάς καρδίας τῶν Ἰουδαίων καί ἐσκλήρυνε τήν καρδίαν Φαραώ καί παρέδωκε τούς σοφούς τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν, οὐ συγκρίσεώς ἐστιν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐγκαταλείψεως, τόν αὐτόν ἄρα τρόπον καί τό ἐμώρανεν˙ ἐπεί, τί καί τό ὅτι κατήσχυνεν ὁ Θεός τούς σοφούς ἐκείνους βούλεται, καί ὅτι κατήργησε, καί ὅτι ἀπεδοκίμασε, καί αὐτό τοῦτο ὅτι παρέδωκεν αὐτούς εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν; Μή καί ταῦτα συγκρίνων ὁ ἀπόστολος εἶπε; Καί τίς ἄν νοῦν ἔχων παρεδέξαιτο τοῦτο; (σελ. 306) Μᾶλλον δέ τίς ἀποστολικαῖς ρήσεσιν εἰδώς ἕπεσθαι, ἀφείς ἐκεῖνα νοεῖν ἄνευ συγκρίσεως, ὡς ἐκεῖνος ἐδίδαξε, σοί πεισθείη συγκρίνοντι; «Τά γοῦν