59

of co-existing things is able to be the cause of the other. For this is entirely illogical and inadmissible, and ridiculous to those who have sense, to make one thing the cause of another among things that have their being at the same time. But if one accepts that all things came to be from non-being by God who always is, completely and wholly, and not partially and incompletely, as having been wisely (14∆_246> produced from a cause of infinite knowledge and infinite power, and that all things subsist in him, as guarded and maintained in an all-ruling foundation, and that all things are returned to him, each as to its own end, as the great Dionysius the Areopagite somewhere says.

60 (60). A DEMONSTRATIVE THEORY THAT BY NATURE OVER ALL THINGS IS THE OF GOD

PROVIDENCE A demonstrative theory that by nature over all things is the of God

providence. And one will be persuaded that He is the provider for beings, by the same means through which he was taught that He is also God, judging it to be right and reasonable that there be no other guardian and caretaker of beings than only the creator of beings. For the very permanence of beings and their order and position and motion, and the coherence of the extremes with each other through the means, with nothing in their opposition harming one another, and the inclination of the parts towards the wholes, and the union of the wholes with the parts throughout, and of the parts themselves with one another 1189 the unmixed distinction according to the particular difference of each, and the unconfused union according to the unvarying identity in the wholes, and the comparison and distinction of all things with all things, that I may not speak of particulars, and the succession of all and of each according to kind, which is always preserved, with the proper principle of nature not being corrupted at all, nor confused with or confusing another, clearly shows that all things are held together by the providence of the God who made them. For it is not possible for God, being good, not to be in every way beneficent, nor, being beneficent, not to be in every way provident, and for this reason, caring for beings in a manner befitting God, wisely bestows upon them care as well as being. For providence, according to the God-bearing Fathers, is the care that comes from God to beings. And they also define it thus: Providence is the will of God by which all beings receive (14∆_248> their fitting course. And if it is the will of God, that I may use the words of the teachers, it is entirely necessary that what happens happens according to the right reason, admitting no better order, therefore he who has chosen to have the truth as his guide will be led to say that He is in every way the provider, He whom he also truly knew as the maker of beings, or of the one who made the beings, if indeed even in animals, when by rational approaches we cast our intellect upon beings, we find a reflection, not ignobly conjecturing things beyond reason.

For seeing those [animals] according to their kind naturally taking care of their own offspring, we too, taking courage, with pious boldness piously define for ourselves the principle that God is the sole provider for all beings, and not of some but not of others, as some of the pagan philosophers, but of all together, according to the one and unvarying will of His goodness, both of universals and of particulars, knowing that if all particular things are corrupted by not receiving providence and fitting protection, the universals will also be corrupted along with them (for universals are naturally constituted from particulars), setting before ourselves the rational proof concerning this, which through a reasonable conversion rightly leads to the truth. For if universals subsist in particulars, in no way at all admitting the principle of being and subsisting in themselves of those according to

59

συνόντων εἶναι δύναται τοῦ ἑτέρου ποιητικόν. Ἀσυλλόγιστον γάρ τοῦτο παντάπασι καί ἀνένδεκτον, καί τοῖς νοῦν ἔχουσι καταγέλαστον ἐπί τῶν ἐχόντων ἅμα τό εἶναι ποιεῖσθαι ἄλλο ἄλλου ποιητικόν. Ἀλλ᾿ ἐκ Θεοῦ τοῦ ἀεί ὄντος τά πάντα ἐκ τοῦ μή ὄντος γενέσθαι παντελῶς τε καί ὁλικῶς, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ μερικῶς τε καί ἀτελῶς, ὡς ἐξ αἰτίας ἀπειρογνώστου καί ἀπειροδυνάμου σοφῶς (14∆_246> παρηγμένα, δέξηται, καί ἐν αὐτῷ συνεστηκέναι τά πάντα, ὡς ἐν παντοκρατορικῷ πυθμένι φρουρούμενά τε καί διακρατούμενα, καί εἰς αὐτόν τά πάντα ἐπιστρέφεσθαι, καθάπερ εἰς οἰκεῖον ἕκαστα πέρας, ὡς που φησιν ὁ μέγας Ἀρεοπαγίτης ∆ιονύσιος.

Ξ (60). ΘΕΩΡΙΑ ΑΠΟ∆ΕΙΚΤΙΚΗ ΤΟΥ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΚΑΤΑ ΦΥΣΙΝ ΕΠΙ ΠΑΝΤΩΝ ΤΗΝ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ

ΠΡΟΝΟΙΑΝ Θεωρία ἀποδεικτική τοῦ εἶναι κατά φύσιν ἐπί πάντων τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ

πρόνοιαν. Καί προνοητήν αὐτόν εἶναι πεισθήσεται τῶν ὄντων, δι᾿ ὧν ὅτι καί Θεός ἐστιν

ἐδιδάχθη, δίκαιον εἶναι κρίνων καί εὔλογον, μή ἄλλον εἶναι φύλακα καί ἐπιμελητήν τῶν ὄντων ἤ μόνον τόν τῶν ὄντων δημιουργόν. Αὐτή γάρ ἡ τῶν ὄντων διαμονή καί ἡ τάξις καί ἡ θέσις καί ἡ κίνησις, καί ἡ ἐν ἀλλήλοις τῶν ἄκρων διά τῶν μέσων συνοχή, μηδέν κατά τήν ἐναντιότητα λυμαινομένων ἀλλήλοις, ἤ τε τῶν μερῶν πρός τά ὅλα σύννευσις, καί τῶν ὅλων πρός τά μέρη δι᾿ ὅλου ἕνωσις, καί αὐτῶν πρός ἄλληλα τῶν μερῶν 1189 ἡ ἄμικτος διάκρισις κατά τήν ἰδιάζουσαν ἑκάστου διαφοράν, καί ἀσύγχυτος ἕνωσις κατά τήν ἀπαράλλακτον ἐν ὅλοις ταυτότητα, καί ἡ πάντων πρός πάντα, ἵνα μή τά καθ᾿ ἕκαστον λέγω, σύγκρισίς τε καί διάκρισις, καί ἡ πάντων καί ἑκάστου κατ᾿ εἶδος διαδοχή ἀεί φυλαττομένη, μηδενός τό παράπαν τοῦ οἰκείου τῆς φύσεως λόγου παραφθειρομένου καί πρός ἄλλο συγχεομένου τε καί συγχέοντος, δείκνυσι σαφῶς τά πάντα τῇ προνοίᾳ συνέχεσθαι τοῦ πεποιηκότος Θεοῦ. Οὐ γάρ οἷόν τέ ἐστιν ἀγαθόν ὄντα τόν Θεόν μή καί εὐεργετικόν πάντως εἶναι, μηδέ εὐεργετικόν ὄντα μή καί προνοητικόν πάντως εἶναι, καί διά τοῦτο τῶν ὄντων θεοπρεπῶς ἐπιμελούμενον σοφῶς αὐτοῖς ὥσπερ τό εἶναι καί τήν κηδεμονίαν χαρίζεσθαι. Πρόνοια γάρ ἐστι κατά τούς θεοφόρους Πατέρας ἡ ἐκ Θεοῦ εἰς τά ὄντα γινομένη ἐπιμέλεια. Ὁρίζονται δέ αὐτήν καί οὕτως, Πρόνοιά ἐστι βούλησις Θεοῦ δι᾿ ἥν πάντα τά ὄντα τήν πρόσφορον διεξαγωγήν (14∆_248> λαμβάνει. Εἰ δέ Θεοῦ βούλησίς ἐστιν, ἵνα αὐτοῖς τῶν διδασκάλων χρήσωμαι τοῖς λόγοις, πᾶσα ἀνάγκη κατά τόν ὀρθόν λόγον γίνεσθαι τά γινόμενα, τήν κρείττω μή ἐπιδεχόμεα τάξιν, αὐτόν οὖν εἶναι προνοητήν ἐκ παντός τρόπου εἰπεῖν ἐναχθήσεται ὁ τήν ἀλήθειαν ὁδηγόν ἔχειν ἑλόμενος, ὅν καί ποιητήν ἔγνω τῶν ὄντων ἀληθῶς, ἤ τοῦ πεποιηκότος τά ὄντα, εἴπερ κἀν τοῖς ζώοις, ὅταν ταῖς κατά λόγον ἐφόδοις τοῖς οὖσιν ἐμβαλόντες ἡμῶν τό νοερόν εὑρίσκομεν ἔμφασιν, οὐκ ἀγενῶς τά ὑπέρ λόγον εἰκάζουσαν.

Ἐκεῖνά τε γάρ ὁρῶντες κατά γένος τῶν ἐξ αὐτῶν φυσικῶς ἐπιμελούμενα, θαῤῥοῦντες καί ἡμεῖς τόν περί τοῦ προνοητήν μονώτατον εἶναι τόν Θεόν πάντων τῶν ὄντων μετ᾿ εὐσεβοῦς παῤῥησίας εὐσεβῶς ἑαυτοῖς λόγον διοριζόμεθα, καί οὐ τῶν μέν, τῶν δέ οὔ, καθάπερ τινές τῶν τά ἔξω φιλοσοφησάντων, ἀλλά πάντων ὁμοῦ, κατά μίαν τῆς ἀγαθότητος καί ἀπαράλλακτον βούλησιν, τῶν τε καθόλου καί τῶν καθ᾿ ἕκαστον, εἰδότες ὡς τῶν κατά μέρος πάντων τῷ μή προνοίας τυγχάνειν καί φυλακῆς τῆς πρεπούσης διαφθειρομένων καί τά καθόλου συνδιαφθαρήσεται (ἐκ γάρ τῶν κατα μέρος τά καθόλου συνίστασθαι πέφυκε), τήν περί τούτου λογικήν ἀπόδειξιν, διά τῆς εὐλόγου ἀντιστροφῆς πρός τήν ἀλήθειαν ὀρθῶς ποδηγοῦσαν, ἑαυτοῖς προβαλλόμενοι. Εἰ γάρ τά καθόλου ἐν τοῖς κατά μέρος ὑφέστηκεν, οὐδαμῶς τό παράπαν τόν τοῦ καθ᾿ αὐτά εἶναί τε καί ὑφεστάναι λόγον ἐπιδεχόμενα τῶν κατά