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the truth. What more do those do who sit solemnly over their diagrams, and trace lines in the dust, refuting two of three propositions, and in the one remaining discover the truth? And the memory for kindness in an animal, whom of the ungrateful towards their benefactors does it not put to shame? Since indeed many dogs are remembered for dying upon their masters who had been murdered in a desolate place. And some, in the heat of the moment, even became guides to those seeking the murderers, and caused the criminals to be brought to justice. What will they say, who not only do not love the Lord who made and feeds them, but even treat as friends those who speak injustice against God, and share the same table with them, and tolerate blasphemies against the one who feeds them even during the meal itself? 9.5 But let us return to the contemplation of creation. The more easily captured of the animals are more prolific. For this reason hares are polytocous, and wild goats, and wild sheep bear twins, so that the species may not fail, being consumed by flesh-eaters. But those destructive of others are oligotocous. Hence a lioness with difficulty becomes the mother of a single lion. For, tearing the womb with the points of its claws, thus it comes forth, as they say; and vipers come forth having eaten through the womb, paying a fitting price to the one who bore them. Thus nothing in existence is without providence, nor bereft of the care befitting it. Even if you study the limbs of animals, you will find that the Creator has neither added anything superfluous, nor taken away anything necessary. For carnivorous animals He fitted sharp teeth; for such were needed for this type of food. But those that are only half-armed with teeth, He has provided with many and various storerooms for their food. For because the food is not sufficiently broken down at the first chewing, He gave them the ability to send up again what was swallowed, so that, having been ground down by rumination, it might be assimilated by the one being fed. Stomachs and omasums, and reticulums, and abomasums, are not placed idly in the animals that have them, but each fulfills a necessary function. The neck of the camel is long, so that it may be equal to its legs and reach the vegetation on which it lives. The neck of the bear is short and sunk into its shoulders; and of the lion, and tiger, and the rest, as many as are of this kind; because their food is not from grass, nor is it necessary for them to bend down to the ground, being flesh-eaters and subsisting on the hunt of animals. What is the purpose of the proboscis for the elephant? Because the animal is large, and the largest of land animals, brought forth for the astonishment of those who encounter it, its body had to be very fleshy and massive. If a large neck proportional to its feet were added to it, it would be difficult to manage, always collapsing downwards from its excessive weight. But as it is, the head is joined to the spine by a few vertebrae of the neck; and it has the proboscis, which fulfills the function of a neck, through which it both brings its food and draws up its drink. But also its feet are without joints, like united pillars, supporting the weight. For if its limbs were supple and flexible, there would be continuous dislocations of the joints, as they would not be sufficient to lighten the weight when it crouches and stands up. But as it is, a short ankle-bone lies under the elephant's foot, articulated however neither into a hock nor into a knee. For the slipperiness of joints would not have supported the great fleshiness of the animal, which is poured around it in abundance and trembles. Hence the need arose for that trunk which reaches down to its feet. Do you not see in wars, that they go before the phalanx like some living towers? or some fleshy mounds, having an irresistible momentum, break through the locked shields of the enemy? For whom, if the lower parts were not proportional, the animal would not have lasted for any time. But as it is, some now report that the elephant lives for three hundred years and more than that; because of

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τὸ ἀληθές. Τί περισσότερον ποιοῦσιν οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν διαγραμμάτων σεμνῶς καθεζόμενοι, καὶ τὴν κόνιν καταχαράσσοντες, τριῶν προτάσεων ἀναιροῦντες τὰς δύο, καὶ ἐν τῇ λειπομένῃ τὸ ἀληθὲς ἐξευρίσκοντες; Τὸ δὲ μνημονικὸν τῆς χάριτος τοῦ ζῴου, τίνα τῶν ἀχαρίστων πρὸς εὐεργέτας οὐ καταισχύνει; Ὅπου γε καὶ φονευθεῖσι δεσπόταις κατ' ἐρημίαν, πολλοὶ τῶν κυνῶν ἐπαποθανόντες μνημονεύονται. Ἤδη δέ τινες ἐπὶ θερμῷ τῷ πάθει καὶ ὁδηγοὶ τοῖς ἐκζητοῦσι τοὺς φονέας ἐγένοντο, καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν δίκην ἀχθῆναι τοὺς κακούργους ἐποίησαν. Τί εἴπωσιν οἱ τὸν ποιήσαντα αὐτοὺς καὶ τρέφοντα Κύριον οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἀγαπῶντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ φίλοις κεχρημένοι τοῖς λαλοῦσι κατὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀδικίαν, καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς αὐτοῖς τραπέζης μετέχοντες, καὶ παρ' αὐτὴν τὴν τροφὴν τῶν κατὰ τοῦ τρέφοντος βλασφημιῶν ἀνεχόμενοι; 9.5 Ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τὴν θεωρίαν τῆς κτίσεως ἐπανίωμεν. Τὰ εὐαλωτότερα τῶν ζῴων, πολυγονώτερα. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο πολυτόκοι λαγωοὶ, καὶ αἶγες ἄγριαι, καὶ πρόβατα ἄγρια διδυμοτόκα, ἵνα μὴ ἐπιλείπῃ τὸ γένος ὑπὸ τῶν ὠμοβόρων ἐκδαπανώμενον. Τὰ δὲ φθαρτικὰ τῶν ἄλλων, ὀλιγοτόκα. Ὅθεν λέοντος ἑνὸς μόλις ἡ λέαινα μήτηρ γίνεται. Ταῖς γὰρ ἀκμαῖς τῶν ὀνύχων διασπαράξας τὴν μήτραν, οὕτω πρόεισιν, ὥς φασι· καὶ ἔχιδναι τὰς μήτρας ἐκφαγοῦσαι προέρχονται, πρέποντας τῇ γεννησαμένῃ τοὺς μισθοὺς ἐκτιννύουσαι. Οὕτως οὐδὲν ἀπρονόητον ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν, οὐδὲ τῆς ἐπιβαλούσης αὐτοῖς ἐπιμελείας ἄμοιρα. Κἂν αὐτὰ τὰ μέλη τῶν ζῴων καταμάθῃς, εὑρήσεις ὅτι οὔτε περιττόν τι ὁ κτίσας προσέθηκεν, οὔτε ἀφεῖλε τῶν ἀναγκαίων. Τοῖς σαρκοφάγοις ζῴοις ὀξεῖς τοὺς ὀδόντας ἐνήρμοσε· τοιούτων γὰρ ἦν χρεία πρὸς τὸ τῆς τροφῆς εἶδος. Ἃ δὲ ἐξ ἡμισείας ὥπλισται τοῖς ὀδοῦσι, πολλαῖς καὶ ποικίλαις ἀποθήκαις τῶν τροφῶν παρεσκεύασε. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τὸ παρὰ τὴν πρώτην μὴ ἀρκούντως καταλεπτύνεσθαι τὴν τροφὴν, ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς τὸ καταποθὲν πάλιν ἀναπεμπάζεσθαι, ὥστε καταλεανθὲν τῷ μηρυκισμῷ προσοικειοῦσθαι τῷ τρεφομένῳ. Στόμαχοι καὶ ἐχῖνοι, καὶ κεκρύφαλοι, καὶ ἔνυστρα, οὐκ ἀργῶς ἔγκειται τῶν ζῴων τοῖς ἔχουσιν, ἀλλ' ἀναγκαίων χρείαν ἕκαστον ἐκπληροῖ. Μακρὸς ὁ τράχηλος τῆς καμήλου, ἵνα τοῖς ποσὶν ἐξισάζηται καὶ ἐφικνῆται τῆς βοτάνης ἐξ ἧς ἀποζῇ. Βραχὺς καὶ τοῖς ὤμοις ἐνδεδυκὼς ὁ τράχηλος τῆς ἄρκτου· καὶ λέοντος δὲ, καὶ τίγριδος, καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν, ὅσα τούτου τοῦ γένους· ὅτι οὐκ ἐκ τῆς πόας αὐτοῖς ἡ τροφὴ, οὐδὲ ἀνάγκη πρὸς τὴν γῆν κατακύπτειν, σαρκοφάγοις οὖσι, καὶ ἐκ τῆς ἄγρας τῶν ζῴων διαρκουμένοις. Τί βούλεται ἡ προνομαία τῷ ἐλέφαντι; Ὅτι μέγα τὸ ζῷον, καὶ τῶν χερσαίων τὸ μέγιστον, εἰς τὴν τῶν ἐντυγχανόντων ἔκπληξιν παραχθὲν, πολύσαρκον ἐχρῆν εἶναι καὶ συμπεφορημένον τὸ σῶμα. Τούτῳ εἰ μέγας καὶ ἀναλογῶν τοῖς ποσὶν ὁ τράχηλος προσετέθη, δυσμεταχείριστος ἂν ἦν, τῷ ὑπερβάλλοντι βάρει καταρρέπων ἀεὶ πρὸς τὸ κάτω. Νῦν δὲ ἡ μὲν κεφαλὴ δι' ὀλίγων τῶν τοῦ αὐχένος σφονδύλων πρὸς τὴν ῥάχιν συνάπτεται· ἔχει δὲ τὴν προνομαίαν, τὴν τοῦ τραχήλου χρείαν ἀποπληροῦσαν, δι' ἧς καὶ τὴν τροφὴν προσάγεται, καὶ τὸ ποτὸν ἀνιμᾶται. Ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀδιάρθρωτοι αὐτῷ οἱ πόδες, οἱονεὶ κίονες ἡνωμένοι, τὸ βάρος ὑποστηρίζουσιν. Εἰ γὰρ χαῦνα αὐτῷ καὶ δίυγρα ὑπετέθη τὰ κῶλα, συνεχεῖς ἂν ἐγίνοντο τῶν ἄρθρων αἱ ἐκτροπαὶ, συνοκλάζοντος καὶ διανισταμένου κουφίζειν τὸ βάρος μὴ ἐξαρκούντων. Νῦν δὲ βραχὺς ἀστράγαλος ὑπόκειται τῷ ποδὶ τοῦ ἐλέφαντος, οὔτε μέντοι εἰς ἀγκύλην, οὔτε εἰς γόνυ διήρθρωται. Οὐ γὰρ ἂν ὑπήνεγκε τὸ τῶν ἄρθρων ὀλισθηρὸν τὴν πολυσαρκίαν τοῦ ζῴου πολλὴν αὐτῷ περικεχυμένην καὶ περιτρέμουσαν. Ὅθεν χρεία γέγονε τοῦ μυκτῆρος ἐκείνου μέχρι ποδῶν καθιεμένου. Οὐχ ὁρᾷς ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις, ὅτι οἱονεὶ πύργοι τινὲς ἔμψυχοι τῆς φάλαγγος προηγοῦνται; ἢ βουνοί τινες σάρκινοι, ἀνυπόστατον ἔχοντες τὴν ὁρμὴν, τῶν ἐναντίων τὸν συνασπισμὸν διακόπτουτιν; Οἷς εἰ μὴ ἦν ἀναλογοῦντα τὰ κάτω, πρὸς οὐδένα ἂν χρόνον τὸ ζῷον διήρκεσε. Νῦν δὲ ἤδη τινὲς ἱστοροῦσι καὶ τριακόσια ἔτη καὶ πλείω τούτων βιοῦν τὸν ἐλέφαντα· διὰ