John Chrysostom, On Matthew

he calls the fulfillment of all the commandments. But that Christ came to baptism for this reason is clear from this. But for what reason was this baptism devised for him? For that the son of Zacharias came to this not of his own accord, but because God moved him, Luke also makes this clear, saying, The word of the Lord came upon him, that is, a command. And he himself says: He who sent me to baptize in water, He said to me: Upon whom you see the Spirit descending like a dove, and remaining on him, this is he who baptizes in the Holy Spirit. For what reason then was he sent to baptize? Again the Baptist makes this clear to us, saying, I did not know him; but that he might be made manifest to Israel, for this reason I came baptizing in water. And if this is the only reason, how does Luke say that He came into all the region around the Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for the remission of sins? And yet it did not have remission, but this was the gift of the baptism given afterwards; for in this we were buried with him, and our old man was then crucified with him, and before the cross remission is nowhere to be seen; for everywhere this is reckoned to his blood. And Paul says: But you were washed, but you were sanctified, not by the baptism of John, but In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and in the Spirit of our God. And elsewhere he says: John preached a baptism of repentance; and he does not say, of remission; That they should believe on him who was to come after him. For since the sacrifice had not yet been offered, nor the Spirit descended, nor sin loosed, nor enmity taken away, nor the curse abolished, how was remission going to happen? 2. What then is the meaning of, For the remission of sins? The Jews were senseless, and were never aware of their own sins, but being liable to the worst evils, they justified themselves everywhere; which especially destroyed them, and led them away from the faith. Paul, at any rate, accusing them, said this, that Being ignorant of the righteousness of God, and seeking to establish their own, they did not submit to the righteousness of God. And again: What then shall we say? That the Gentiles, who did not pursue righteousness, 57.186 obtained righteousness; but Israel, pursuing a law of righteousness, did not attain to a law of righteousness. Why? Because not from faith, but as from works. Since, then, this was the cause of their evils, John comes, doing nothing other than bringing them to a consciousness of their own sins. At any rate, his very manner of life declared this, being one of repentance and confession. His preaching also showed this; for he said nothing else, but, Bring forth fruits worthy of repentance. Since, then, not to condemn their own sins, as Paul also showed, made them desert Christ; but to come to a consciousness of them, established in them a desire to seek the redeemer and to desire remission; John came preparing this, and persuading them to repent; not that they might be punished, but that by repentance having become more humble, and having condemned themselves, they might run to receive remission. See, at any rate, how he has put it accurately. For having said that, He came preaching the baptism of repentance in the wilderness of Judea, he added, For remission; as if he were saying: for this reason he persuaded them to confess and repent of their sins, not that they might be punished, but that they might more easily receive the remission that was to come. For if they had not condemned themselves, they would not have asked for grace; and not seeking it, they would not have obtained remission. So that this baptism prepared the way for that one; for which reason he also said, That they should believe on him who was to come after him, giving this other reason for the baptism in addition to the one mentioned. For it was not the same thing to go about the houses, and to lead Christ about, having taken him by the hand, and to say, Believe in this man; as for all to come and see that blessed voice be brought forth, and all the other things be accomplished. For this reason he comes to the baptism. For indeed the reputation of the one baptizing,

ἐκπλήρωσιν καλεῖ τῶν ἐντολῶν ἁπασῶν. Ἀλλ' ὅτι μὲν ὁ Χριστὸς διὰ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τὸ βάπτισμα ἦλθε, δῆλον ἐκ τούτου. Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν τὸ βάπτισμα αὐτῷ ἐπενοήθη τοῦτο; Ὅτι μὲν γὰρ οὐκ οἴκοθεν ὁ Ζαχαρίου παῖς, ἀλλὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ κινήσαντος αὐτὸν, ἐπὶ τοῦτο ἦλθε, καὶ ὁ Λουκᾶς αὐτὸ δηλοῖ λέγων, Ῥῆμα Κυρίου ἐγένετο ἐπ' αὐτὸν, τουτέστι, πρόσταγμα. Καὶ αὐτὸς δέ φησιν· Ὁ ἀποστείλας με βαπτίζειν ἐν ὕδατι, ἐκεῖνός μοι εἶπεν· Ἐφ' ὃν ἂν ἴδῃς τὸ Πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον ὡσεὶ περιστερὰν, καὶ μένον ἐπ' αὐτὸν, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ βαπτίζων ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ἐπέμφθη βαπτίζειν; Πάλιν καὶ τοῦτο ὁ Βαπτιστὴς δῆλον ἡμῖν ποιεῖ, λέγων, ὅτι Ἐγὼ οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτόν· ἀλλ' ἵνα φανῇ τῷ Ἰσραὴλ, διὰ τοῦτο ἦλθον ἐν ὕδατι βαπτίζων. Καὶ εἰ αὕτη μόνη ἡ αἰτία, πῶς φησιν ὁ Λουκᾶς, ὅτι Ἦλθεν εἰς τὴν περίχωρον τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, κηρύσσων βάπτισμα μετανοίας εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν; Καίτοιγε οὐκ εἶχεν ἄφεσιν, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο τὸ δῶρον τοῦ μετὰ ταῦτα δοθέντος βαπτίσματος ἦν· ἐν τούτῳ γὰρ συνετάφημεν, καὶ ὁ παλαιὸς ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος τότε συνεσταυρώθη, καὶ πρὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ οὐδαμοῦ φαίνεται ἄφεσις οὖσα· πανταχοῦ γὰρ τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ τοῦτο λογίζεται. Καὶ ὁ Παῦλος δέ φησιν· Ἀλλ' ἀπελούσασθε, ἀλλ' ἡγιάσθητε, οὐ διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος Ἰωάννου, ἀλλ' Ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν. Καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ δέ φησιν· Ἰωάννης μὲν ἐκήρυξε βάπτισμα μετανοίας· καὶ οὐ λέγει, Ἀφέσεως· Ἵνα πιστεύσωσιν εἰς τὸν ἐρχόμενον μετ' αὐτόν. Οὔπω γὰρ τῆς θυσίας προσενηνεγμένης, οὐδὲ τοῦ πνεύματος καταβάντος, οὐδὲ τῆς ἁμαρτίας λυθείσης, οὐδὲ τῆς ἔχθρας ἀνῃρημένης, οὐδὲ τῆς κατάρας ἀφανισθείσης, πῶς ἔμελλεν ἄφεσις γίνεσθαι; βʹ. Τί οὖν ἐστι τὸ, Εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν; Ἀγνώμονες ἦσαν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι, καὶ τῶν οἰκείων οὐδέποτε ᾐσθάνοντο ἁμαρτημάτων, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἐσχάτοις ὄντες ὑπεύθυνοι κακοῖς, ἐδικαίουν ἑαυτοὺς πανταχοῦ· ὅπερ αὐτοὺς μάλιστα ἀπώλεσε, καὶ τῆς πίστεως ἀπήγαγε. Τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἐγκαλῶν αὐτοῖς ἔλεγεν, ὅτι Ἀγνοοῦντες τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην, καὶ τὴν ἰδίαν ζητοῦντες στῆσαι, τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐχ ὑπετάγησαν. Καὶ πάλιν· Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν; Ὅτι ἔθνη, τὰ μὴ διώκοντα δικαιοσύνην, 57.186 κατέλαβε δικαιοσύνην· Ἰσραὴλ δὲ διώκων νόμον δικαιοσύνης, εἰς νόμον δικαιοσύνης οὐκ ἔφθασε. ∆ιατί; Ὅτι οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως, ἀλλ' ὡς ἐξ ἔργων. Ἐπεὶ οὖν τοῦτο ἦν τὸ αἴτιον τῶν κακῶν, παραγίνεται ὁ Ἰωάννης, οὐδὲν ἕτερον ποιῶν, ἢ εἰς ἔννοιαν αὐτοὺς ἄγων τῶν οἰκείων ἁμαρτημάτων. Τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ τὸ σχῆμα αὐτοῦ ἐδήλου, μετανοίας καὶ ἐξομολογήσεως ὄν. Τοῦτο καὶ τὸ κήρυγμα ἐδείκνυ· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἄλλο ἔλεγεν, ἀλλ' ὅτι, Ποιήσατε καρποὺς ἀξίους τῆς μετανοίας. Ἐπεὶ οὖν τὸ μὴ καταγινώσκειν τῶν οἰκείων ἁμαρτημάτων, ὡς καὶ Παῦλος ἐδήλωσεν, ἀποσκιρτᾷν αὐτοὺς ἐποίει τοῦ Χριστοῦ· τὸ δὲ εἰς ἔννοιαν ἔρχεσθαι, εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν καθίστη τοῦ τὸν λυτρωτὴν ἐπιζητεῖν καὶ τῆς ἀφέσεως ἐπιθυμεῖν· τοῦτο ἦλθε κατασκευάζων Ἰωάννης, καὶ πείθων αὐτοὺς μετανοεῖν· οὐχ ἵνα κολασθῶσιν, ἀλλ' ἵνα τῇ μετανοίᾳ γενόμενοι ταπεινότεροι, καὶ καταγνόντες ἑαυτῶν, εἰς τὸ λαβεῖν τὴν ἄφεσιν δράμωσιν. Ὅρα γοῦν πῶς αὐτὸ τέθεικεν ἀκριβῶς. Εἰπὼν γὰρ ὅτι, Ἦλθε κηρύσσων βάπτισμα μετανοίας ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ἐπήγαγεν, Εἰς ἄφεσιν· ὡσανεὶ ἔλεγε· διὰ τοῦτο αὐτοὺς ἔπειθεν ὁμολογεῖν καὶ μετανοεῖν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασιν, οὐχ ἵνα κολασθῶσιν, ἀλλ' ἵνα εὐκολώτερον τὴν μετὰ ταῦτα ἄφεσιν δέξωνται. Εἰ μὴ γὰρ κατέγνωσαν ἑαυτῶν, οὐκ ἂν οὐδὲ τὴν χάριν ᾔτησαν· μὴ ζητοῦντες δὲ, οὐκ ἂν τῆς ἀφέσεως ἔτυχον. Ὥστε τούτῳ ἐκεῖνο προωδοποίει τὸ βάπτισμα· διὸ καὶ ἔλεγεν, Ἵνα πιστεύσωσιν εἰς τὸν ἐρχόμενον μετ' αὐτὸν, μετὰ τῆς εἰρημένης καὶ ταύτην ἑτέραν αἰτίαν τιθεὶς τοῦ βαπτίσματος. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἴσον ἦν περιϊέναι τὰς οἰκίας, καὶ περιάγειν τὸν Χριστὸν τῆς χειρὸς λαβόμενον, καὶ λέγειν, Εἰς τοῦτον πιστεύσατε· καὶ πάντων παραγινομένων καὶ ὁρώντων τὴν μακαρίαν ἐκείνην ἐνεχθῆναι φωνὴν, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἐπιτελεσθῆναι ἅπαντα. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἔρχεται ἐπὶ τὸ βάπτισμα. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἡ τοῦ βαπτίζοντος ὑπόληψις,