Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History

written to the Philippians is a most adequate one, from which those who wish and who care for their own salvation can learn the character of his faith and the preaching of the truth.” 4.14.9 Thus Irenaeus; and indeed Polycarp, in his aforementioned letter to the Philippians which is still extant, uses some testimonies from the first epistle of Peter. 4.14.10 Antoninus, who was called Pius, having completed the twenty-second year of his reign, was succeeded by his son Marcus Aurelius Verus, also called Antoninus, together with his brother Lucius. 4.15.1 At this time, while the greatest persecutions were stirring up Asia, Polycarp was perfected by martyrdom, and I think it most necessary to place his end, which is still extant in writing, in the record of this 4.15.2 history. And the writing is from the person of the church which he himself led, signifying to the neighbouring churches the things concerning him, in these words: 4.15.3 “The church of God which sojourns in Smyrna to the church of God sojourning in Philomelium and to all the sojourning communities of the holy catholic church in every place: may mercy, peace, and love from God the Father and our Lord Jesus Christ be multiplied. We have written to you, brethren, concerning those who have borne witness and the blessed Polycarp, who, as if sealing it by his martyrdom, brought the persecution to an end.” 4.15.4 Following this, before the narrative concerning Polycarp, they recount the things concerning the other martyrs, describing what endurance they showed against the pains. For they say that they amazed the bystanders who were watching them, at one time being torn by scourges down to the innermost veins and arteries, so that the hidden recesses of the body, their entrails and members, were laid bare, at another time being made to lie on sea-shells and certain sharp spits, and being subjected to every kind of punishment and torture, and finally being given as food 4.15.5 to wild beasts. But they relate that the most noble Germanicus especially distinguished himself, strengthening by divine grace the innate cowardice of the body towards death. For when the proconsul wished to persuade him, and urged his age, and besought him, since he was very young and in his prime, to take pity on himself, he did not hesitate, but eagerly drew the beast to himself, all but forcing and provoking it, so that 4.15.6 he might the more quickly be released from their unjust and lawless life. And at his noble death the whole crowd, marveling at the courage of the God-loving martyr and at the virtue of the whole race of Christians, began to cry out at once: Away with the 4.15.7 atheists; let Polycarp be sought. And indeed, when a great tumult arose at these cries, a certain Phrygian, Quintus by name, who had recently arrived from Phrygia, seeing the wild beasts and the threats connected with them, became cowardly in soul, grew weak, 4.15.8 and finally gave up on his salvation. The account of the aforementioned letter showed that this man had rather rashly, and not with reverence, rushed to the tribunal with others; and though he was arrested, he nevertheless gave a clear example to all that one must not rashly and irreverently venture upon such things. But 4.15.9 thus ended the matter concerning these men. But the most admirable Polycarp, when he first heard these things, remained untroubled, keeping his disposition firm and unmoved, and wished to remain there in the city; but being persuaded by those around him who besought and urged him to withdraw, he went forth to a farm not far distant from the city, and stayed there with a few companions, doing nothing else night and day but persisting in prayers to the Lord; in which he prayed and supplicated, asking for peace for the churches throughout the world, for this was always his custom. 4.15.10 And indeed, while he was praying, he saw in a vision by night, three days before his arrest, the

Φιλιππησίους γεγραμμένη ἱκανωτάτη, ἐξ ἧς καὶ τὸν χαρακτῆρα τῆς πίστεως αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ κήρυγμα τῆς ἀληθείας οἱ βουλόμενοι καὶ φροντίζοντες τῆς ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίας δύνανται μαθεῖν». 4.14.9 ταῦτα ὁ Εἰρηναῖος· ὁ γέ τοι Πολύκαρπος ἐν τῇ δηλωθείσῃ πρὸς Φιλιππησίους αὐτοῦ γραφῇ, φερομένῃ εἰς δεῦρο, κέχρηταί τισιν μαρτυρίαις ἀπὸ τῆς Πέτρου προτέρας ἐπιστολῆς. 4.14.10 Ἀντωνῖνον μὲν δὴ τὸν Εὐσεβῆ κληθέντα, εἰκοστὸν καὶ δεύτερον ἔτος τῆς ἀρχῆς διανύσαντα, Μάρκος Αὐρήλιος Οὐῆρος, ὁ καὶ Ἀντωνῖνος, υἱὸς αὐτοῦ, σὺν καὶ Λουκίῳ ἀδελφῷ διαδέχεται. 4.15.1 ἐν τούτῳ δὲ ὁ Πολύκαρπος μεγίστων τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀναθορυβησάντων διωγμῶν μαρτυρίῳ τελειοῦται, ἀναγκαιότατον δ' αὐτοῦ τὸ τέλος ἐγγράφως ἔτι φερόμενον ἡγοῦμαι δεῖν μνήμῃ τῆσδε 4.15.2 τῆς ἱστορίας καταθέσθαι. ἔστιν δὲ ἡ γραφὴ ἐκ προσώπου ἧς αὐτὸς ἐκκλησίας ἡγεῖτο, ταῖς κατὰ τόπον παροικίαις τὰ κατ' αὐτὸν ἀποσημαίνουσα διὰ τούτων· 4.15.3 «Ἡ ἐκκλησία τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ παροικοῦσα Σμύρναν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ παροικούσῃ ἐν Φιλομηλίῳ καὶ πάσαις ταῖς κατὰ πάντα τόπον τῆς ἁγίας καθολικῆς ἐκκλησίας παροικίαις ἔλεος εἰρήνη καὶ ἀγάπη θεοῦ πατρὸς καὶ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ πληθυνθείη. ἐγράψαμεν ὑμῖν, ἀδελφοί, τὰ κατὰ τοὺς μαρτυρήσαντας καὶ τὸν μακάριον Πολύκαρπον, ὅστις ὥσπερ ἐπισφραγίσας διὰ τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτοῦ κατέπαυσε τὸν διωγμόν». 4.15.4 τούτοις ἑξῆς πρὸ τῆς ἀμφὶ τοῦ Πολυκάρπου διηγήσεως τὰ κατὰ τοὺς λοιποὺς ἀνιστοροῦσι μάρτυρας, οἵας ἐνστάσεις πρὸς τὰς ἀλγηδόνας ἐνεδείξαντο, διαγράφοντες. καταπλῆξαι γάρ φασι τοὺς ἐν κύκλῳ περιεστῶτας, θεωμένους τοτὲ μὲν μάστιξι μέχρι καὶ τῶν ἐνδοτάτω φλεβῶν καὶ ἀρτηριῶν καταξαινομένους, ὡς ἤδη καὶ τὰ ἐν μυχοῖς ἀπόρρητα τοῦ σώματος σπλάγχνα τε αὐτῶν καὶ μέλη κατοπτεύεσθαι, τοτὲ δὲ τοὺς ἀπὸ θαλάττης κήρυκας καί τινας ὀξεῖς ὀβελίσκους ὑποστρωννυμένους, καὶ διὰ παντὸς εἴδους κολάσεων καὶ βασάνων προϊόντας καὶ τέλος θηρσὶν 4.15.5 εἰς βορὰν παραδιδομένους. μάλιστα δὲ ἱστοροῦσιν διαπρέψαι τὸν γενναιότατον Γερμανικόν, ὑπορρωννύντα σὺν θείᾳ χάριτι τὴν ἔμφυτον περὶ τὸν θάνατον τοῦ σώματος δειλίαν. βουλομένου γέ τοι τοῦ ἀνθυπάτου πείθειν αὐτὸν προβαλλομένου τε τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ ἀντιβολοῦντος κομιδῇ νέον ὄντα καὶ ἀκμαῖον οἶκτον ἑαυτοῦ λαβεῖν, μὴ μελλῆσαι, προθύμως δ' ἐπισπάσασθαι εἰς ἑαυτὸν τὸ θηρίον, μόνον οὐχὶ βιασάμενον καὶ παροξύναντα, ὡς 4.15.6 ἂν τάχιον τοῦ ἀδίκου καὶ ἀνόμου βίου αὐτῶν ἀπαλλαγείη. τούτου δ' ἐπὶ τῷ διαπρεπεῖ θανάτῳ τὸ πᾶν πλῆθος ἀποθαυμάσαν τῆς ἀνδρείας τὸν θεοφιλῆ μάρτυρα καὶ τὴν καθόλου τοῦ γένους τῶν Χριστιανῶν ἀρετήν, ἀθρόως ἐπιβοᾶν ἄρξασθαι· αἶρε τοὺς 4.15.7 ἀθέους· ζητείσθω Πολύκαρπος. καὶ δὴ πλείστης ἐπὶ ταῖς βοαῖς γενομένης ταραχῆς, Φρύγα τινὰ τὸ γένος, Κόϊντον τοὔνομα, νεωστὶ ἐκ τῆς Φρυγίας ἐπιστάντα, ἰδόντα τοὺς θῆρας καὶ τὰς ἐπὶ τούτοις ἀπειλάς, καταπτῆξαι τὴν ψυχὴν μαλακισθέντα 4.15.8 καὶ τέλος τῆς σωτηρίας ἐνδοῦναι. ἐδήλου δὲ τοῦτον ὁ τῆς προειρημένης γραφῆς λόγος προπετέστερον ἀλλ' οὐ κατ' εὐλάβειαν ἐπιπηδῆσαι τῷ δικαστηρίῳ σὺν ἑτέροις, ἁλόντα δ' οὖν ὅμως καταφανὲς ὑπόδειγμα τοῖς πᾶσιν παρασχεῖν, ὅτι μὴ δέοι τοῖς τοιούτοις ῥιψοκινδύνως καὶ ἀνευλαβῶς ἐπιτολμᾶν. ἀλλὰ 4.15.9 ταύτῃ μὲν εἶχεν πέρας τὰ κατὰ τούτους. τόν γε μὴν θαυμασιώτατον Πολύκαρπον τὰ μὲν πρῶτα τούτων ἀκούσαντα ἀτάραχον μεῖναι, εὐσταθὲς τὸ ἦθος καὶ ἀκίνητον φυλάξαντα, βούλεσθαί τε αὐτοῦ κατὰ πόλιν περιμένειν· πεισθέντα γε μὴν ἀντιβολοῦσι τοῖς ἀμφ' αὐτὸν καὶ ὡς ἂν ὑπεξέλθοι παρακαλοῦσι, προελθεῖν εἰς οὐ πόρρω διεστῶτα τῆς πόλεως ἀγρὸν διατρίβειν τε σὺν ὀλίγοις ἐνταῦθα, νύκτωρ καὶ μεθ' ἡμέραν οὔτι ἕτερον πράττοντα ἢ ταῖς πρὸς τὸν κύριον διακαρτεροῦντα εὐχαῖς· δι' ὧν δεῖσθαι καὶ ἱκετεύειν εἰρήνην ἐξαιτούμενον ταῖς ἀνὰ πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐκκλησίαις, τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ εἶναι ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς αὐτῷ σύνηθες. 4.15.10 καὶ δὴ εὐχόμενον, ἐν ὀπτασίᾳ τριῶν πρότερον ἡμερῶν τῆς συλλήψεως νύκτωρ ἰδεῖν τὸ