John Chrysostom, On Matthew

and the subject of the matter drew the whole city, and called it to the Jordan, and it became a great spectacle. For this reason also he restrains them when they have come, and persuades them to imagine nothing great about themselves, showing them to be liable for the worst evils, if they did not repent, and having forsaken their forefathers and their glorying in them, they might receive the one who was coming. For indeed the things concerning Christ had been overshadowed until then, and he was thought by many to be dead on account of the slaughter that had happened in Bethlehem. For even if when he was twelve years old he revealed himself, yet he quickly overshadowed himself again; for this very reason there was need of a splendid prelude and a loftier beginning. Wherefore for the first time then what the Jews had never heard, neither from prophets nor from any others, he proclaims with a clear voice, making mention of the heavens and of the kingdom there, saying nothing further about the earth. And by kingdom here he means His first and His last advent. And what is this to the Jews? one might say; for they do not even know what you are saying. For for this reason I speak thus, he says, so that being roused by the obscurity of what is said, they might come to seek the one who is preached. In this way, then, he so stirred them up with good hopes when they came, that many tax collectors and soldiers also asked, what they must do, and how to order their own life; which was a sign of being henceforth freed from worldly affairs, and looking to other greater things, and dreaming of the things to come. For indeed all things, both what was seen and what was said about them, led to a lofty mind-set. 3. For consider how great it was to see a man after thirty years coming down from the desert, being the son of a high priest, having never needed any human 57.187 thing, and being venerable from every side, and having Isaiah with him. For he too was present, proclaiming him and saying: This is he of whom I said would come crying, and in the desert proclaiming all things with a clear voice. For so great was the zeal of the Prophets concerning these matters, that not only their own Master, but also the one who was going to minister to him, they proclaimed long beforehand; and they spoke not only of him, but also of the place in which he was to spend his time, and the manner of his preaching, which he would have to teach when he came, and the success resulting from it. See, then, how they arrive at the same thoughts, even if not in the same words, both the Prophet and the Baptist. For the Prophet says that one will be present saying: Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. But he himself, when he came, said: Bring forth fruits worthy of repentance. Which is the same as: Prepare the way of the Lord. Do you see that both through what the Prophet said, and through what he himself preached, this one thing only is made plain, that he came preparing the way and making ready, not bestowing the gift, which was the remission, but preparing the souls of those who were about to receive the God of all? But Luke says something more; for he was not content with saying the introduction, but also sets down the whole prophecy. For every valley, he says, shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low; and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough ways into smooth paths; and all flesh shall see the salvation of God. Did you see how the Prophet, anticipating, said all things, both the flocking together of the people, and the change of things for the better, and the ease of the preaching, and the cause of all that was happening, even if he set these things down more figuratively? For what was said was a prophecy. For when he says, Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be brought low, and the rough ways shall be made into smooth paths; he shows both the humble being exalted, and the arrogant being humbled, and the difficulty of the law being changed into the ease of faith. For no longer sweat and toils, he says, but grace and forgiveness of sins, providing the great ease of salvation. Then he states the cause of these things, saying, that All flesh shall see the

καὶ ἡ τοῦ πράγματος ὑπόθεσις, πᾶσαν τὴν πόλιν εἷλκε, καὶ πρὸς τὸν Ἰορδάνην ἐκάλει, καὶ θέατρον ἐγένετο μέγα. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο αὐτοὺς καὶ παραγενομένους καταστέλλει, καὶ πείθει μηδὲν μέγα περὶ ἑαυτῶν φαντάζεσθαι, δεικνὺς τῶν ἐσχάτων ὄντας ὑπευθύνους κακῶν, εἰ μὴ μετανοήσαιεν, καὶ τοὺς προγόνους ἀφέντες, καὶ τὸ ἐπ' ἐκείνοις ἀγάλλεσθαι, δέξαιντο τὸν παραγινόμενον. Καὶ γὰρ συνεσκίαστο τὰ κατὰ σὸν Χριστὸν τέως, καὶ ἐδόκει τεθνάναι παρὰ πολλοῖς διὰ τὴν εἰς Βηθλεὲμ γεγενημένην σφαγήν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ δώδεκα ἐτῶν γενόμενος ἐξέφηνεν ἑαυτὸν, ἀλλὰ ταχέως καὶ συνεσκίασε πάλιν· διὰ δὴ τοῦτο λαμπρῶν ἔδει τῶν προοιμίων καὶ ὑψηλοτέρας ἀρχῆς. ∆ιὸ καὶ πρῶτον τότε ἃ μηδέποτε ἤκουσαν Ἰουδαῖοι, μήτε παρὰ προφητῶν, μήτε παρ' ἄλλων τινῶν, ἀνακηρύττει λαμπρᾷ τῇ φωνῇ, τῶν οὐρανῶν καὶ τῆς ἐκεῖ βασιλείας μεμνημένος, οὐδὲν περὶ τῆς γῆς λέγων λοιπόν. Βασιλείαν δὲ ἐνταῦθα τὴν παρουσίαν αὐτοῦ τὴν προτέραν καὶ τὴν ἐσχάτην φησί. Καὶ τί τοῦτο πρὸς Ἰουδαίους; φησίν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἴσασι τί λέγεις. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο οὕτω λέγω, φησὶν, ἵνα ὑπὸ τῆς ἀσαφείας τῶν λεγομένων διεγειρόμενοι, ἔλθωσιν εἰς τὸ ζητῆσαι τὸν κηρυττόμενον. Οὕτω γοῦν αὐτοὺς ἐπῆρε ταῖς χρησταῖς ἐλπίσι παραγενομένους, ὡς καὶ τελώνας καὶ στρατιώτας πολλοὺς ἐρωτᾷν, τί δεῖ πράττειν, καὶ πῶς τὸν ἑαυτῶν βίον οἰκονομεῖν· ὅπερ ἦν σημεῖον τοῦ τῶν βιωτικῶν λοιπὸν ἀπηλλάχθαι πραγμάτων, καὶ πρὸς ἕτερα μείζονα ὁρᾷν, καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα ὀνειροπολεῖν. Καὶ γὰρ ἅπαντα αὐτοὺς καὶ τὰ ὁρώμενα καὶ τὰ λεγόμενα εἰς ὑψηλὸν ἦγε φρόνημα. γʹ. Ἐννόησον γοῦν ἡλίκον ἦν ἰδεῖν ἄνθρωπον μετὰ τριάκοντα ἔτη καταβαίνοντα ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρήμου, ἀρχιερέως υἱὸν γενόμενον, μηδὲν δεηθέντα τῶν ἀνθρωπί 57.187 νων πώποτε, καὶ πάντοθεν ὄντα αἰδέσιμον, καὶ τὸν Ἡσαΐαν ἔχοντα μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ. Παρῆν γὰρ καὶ οὗτος αὐτὸν ἀνακηρύττων καὶ λέγων· Οὗτός ἐστιν ὃν παρέσεσθαι ἔφην βοῶντα, καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἔρημον λαμπρᾷ τῇ φωνῇ κηρύττοντα ἅπαντα. Τοσαύτη γὰρ σπουδὴ τοῖς Προφήταις περὶ τούτων ἐγένετο τῶν πραγμάτων, ὡς μὴ τὸν ∆εσπότην τὸν ἑαυτῶν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν μέλλοντα αὐτῷ διακονεῖσθαι ἐκ πολλοῦ προανακηρύττειν τοῦ χρόνου· καὶ μὴ μόνον αὐτὸν λέγειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν τόπον, ἐν ᾧ διατρίβειν ἔμελλε, καὶ τὸν τοῦ κηρύγματος τρόπον, ὃν διδάξαι παραγενόμενος εἶχε, καὶ τὸ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ συμβαῖνον κατόρθωμα. Ὅρα γοῦν πῶς ἐπ' αὐτῶν ἔρχονται τῶν νοημάτων, εἰ καὶ μὴ ἐπ' αὐτῶν τῶν ῥημάτων, ὅ τε Προφήτης καὶ ὁ Βαπτιστής. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ Προφήτης φησὶν, ὅτι παρέσται λέγων· Ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου, εὐθείας ποιεῖτε τὰς τρίβους αὐτοῦ. Αὐτὸς δὲ παραγενόμενος ἔλεγε· Ποιήσατε καρποὺς ἀξίους τῆς μετανοίας. Ὅπερ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ· Ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι καὶ δι' ὧν ὁ Προφήτης εἶπε, καὶ δι' ὧν αὐτὸς ἐκήρυττεν, ἓν τοῦτο δηλοῦται μόνον, ὅτι προοδοποιῶν παρεγένετο καὶ προετοιμάζων, οὐ τὴν δωρεὰν χαριζόμενος, ὅπερ ἦν ἡ ἄφεσις, ἀλλὰ προπαρασκευάζων τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν μελλόντων δέχεσθαι τὸν τῶν ὅλων Θεόν; Ὁ δὲ Λουκᾶς καὶ πλέον τί φησιν· οὐ γὰρ τὸ προοίμιον εἰπὼν ἀπηλλάγη, ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶσαν τίθησι τὴν προφητείαν. Πᾶσα γὰρ φάραγξ, φησὶ, πληρωθήσεται, καὶ πᾶν ὄρος καὶ βουνὸς ταπεινωθήσεται· καὶ ἔσται τὰ σκολιὰ εἰς εὐθεῖαν, καὶ αἱ τραχεῖαι εἰς ὁδοὺς λείας· καὶ ὄψεται πᾶσα σὰρξ τὸ Σωτήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ. Εἶδες πῶς προλαβὼν ὁ Προφήτης πάντα εἶπε, καὶ τὴν τοῦ δήμου συνδρομὴν, καὶ τὴν τῶν πραγμάτων ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιον μεταβολὴν, καὶ τὴν τοῦ κηρύγματος εὐκολίαν, καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τῶν γινομένων ἁπάντων, εἰ καὶ τροπικώτερον ταῦτα τέθεικε; Καὶ γὰρ ἦν προφητεία τὸ λεγόμενον. Ὅταν γὰρ εἴπῃ, Πᾶσα φάραγξ πληρωθήσεται, καὶ πᾶν ὄρος καὶ βουνὸς ταπεινωθήσεται, καὶ ἔσονται αἱ τραχεῖαι εἰς ὁδοὺς λείας· καὶ τοὺς ταπεινοὺς ὑψουμένους δείκνυσι, καὶ τοὺς ἀπονενοημένους ταπεινουμένους, καὶ τὴν τοῦ νόμου δυσκολίαν εἰς εὐκολίαν πίστεως μεταβαλλομένην. Οὐκέτι γὰρ ἱδρῶτες καὶ πόνοι, φησὶν, ἀλλὰ χάρις καὶ συγχώρησις ἁμαρτημάτων, πολλὴν παρέχουσα τῆς σωτηρίας τὴν εὐκολίαν. Εἶτα τὸ τούτων αἴτιον τίθησι λέγων, ὅτι Ὄψεται πᾶσα σὰρξ τὸ