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the principle of the cause that constitutes the whole; whence also, in agreement with the divine [nature], they called it an energy. For he who said: "For each form energizes with the communion of the other," what different thing has he done than he who said: "For after remaining without food for forty days, he later grew hungry" (for he allowed his nature, when he willed, to energize its own properties), or those who spoke of a different energy in him, or a twofold one, or another and another?" For these signify the two energies by antonomasia; for often the number is indicated by antonomasia and by saying divine and human. "For difference is the difference of things that differ"; but how will things that do not exist differ?

60 Against those who say: If man is of two natures and energies, it is necessary

to speak of three natures and as many energies in Christ. Each individual man, being composed of two natures, both soul and body, and having these unchanged in himself, will reasonably be said to be of two natures; for he preserves the natural property of each even after the union. For the body is not immortal but corruptible, nor is the soul mortal but immortal; neither is the body invisible nor the soul visible to bodily eyes, but the one is rational and intellectual and incorporeal, while the other is dense and visible and irrational. Things essentially opposed to each other are not of one nature; therefore, soul and body are not of one substance. And again: If man is a rational, mortal animal, and every definition is indicative of the underlying natures, and according to the principle of nature, "rational" is not the same as "mortal"; then man would not be of one nature according to the rule of his own definition. But if man is ever said to be of one nature, the name of nature is taken instead of that of species, when we say that one man does not differ from another man by any difference of nature, but all men, having the same constitution and being composed of soul and body and each comprising two natures, are all brought under one definition. And this is not unreasonable, since the holy Athanasius also said that all created things, as being generated, have one nature, in his work against those who blaspheme the Holy Spirit, saying thus: "But that the Holy Spirit is above creation and is other than the nature of generated things, but proper to the Godhead, it is possible to perceive again." "For everything which is observed in common and in many, not existing more in one and less in another, is called substance." Since, therefore, every man is composed of soul and body, in this respect the nature of men is said to be one. But in the case of the hypostasis of the Lord, we cannot speak of one nature; for the natures preserve, even after the union, each its own natural property, and a species of Christs is not to be found. For there was not another Christ made from Godhead and manhood, but he is the same, God and man. And again: The one according to the species of man is not the same as the one according to the substance of soul and body. For the one according to the species of man indicates the invariability among all men; but the one according to the substance of soul and body destroys their very being, leading them into complete non-existence; for either the one will be changed into the substance of the other, or another will be generated from others and both will be changed, or remaining within their own definitions they will be two natures. For according to the principle of substance, the body is not the same as the incorporeal. Therefore it is not necessary, when speaking of one nature in man (not because of the sameness of the essential quality of soul and body, but because of the invariability of the individuals brought under the species), to speak also of one nature in Christ, where there is no species containing many hypostases. Furthermore, every composite is said to be composed of its immediate constituents; for we do not say that a house is composed of earth and water, but of brick and wood. Since it would be necessary to say that man is also composed of five natures, from the four

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τὸ πᾶν συστησαμένης αἰτίας λόγον· ὅθεν καὶ μετὰ τῆς θείας συνεκφωνοῦντες αὐτὴν ἐνέργειαν προσηγόρευσαν. Ὁ γὰρ εἰπών· «Ἐνεργεῖ γὰρ ἑκατέρα μορφὴ μετὰ τῆς θατέρου κοινωνίας», τί ἕτερον πεποίηκεν ἢ ὁ εἰπών· «Καὶ γὰρ τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας ἀπόσιτος μείνας ὕστερον ἐπείνασεν» (ἔδωκε γὰρ τῇ φύσει, ὅτε ἤθελε, τὰ ἴδια ἐνεργεῖν) ἢ οἱ διάφορον ἐν αὐτῷ φήσαντες ἐνέργειαν ἢ οἱ διπλῆν ἢ οἱ ἄλλην καὶ ἄλλην;» Ταῦτα γὰρ δι' ἀντωνυμίας δύο τὰς ἐνεργείας σημαίνουσι· καὶ δι' ἀντωνυμίας γὰρ πολλάκις ὁ ἀριθμὸς ἐνδείκνυται καὶ διὰ τοῦ εἰπεῖν θεῖόν τε καὶ ἀνθρώπινον. «Ἡ γὰρ διαφορὰ διαφερόντων ἐστὶ διαφορά»· τὰ δὲ μὴ ὄντα, πῶς διοίσουσιν;

60 Πρὸς τοὺς λέγοντας· Εἰ δύο φύσεων καὶ ἐνεργειῶν ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ἀνάγκη

ἐπὶ Χριστοῦ τρεῖς φύσεις καὶ τοσαύτας λέγειν τὰς ἐνεργείασ Ὁ μὲν καθ' ἕκαστα ἄνθρωπος ἐκ δύο συγκείμενος φύσεων, ψυχῆς τε καὶ σώματος, καὶ ταύτας ἀμεταβλήτους ἔχων ἐν ἑαυτῷ δύο φύσεις εἰκότως λεχθήσεται· σῴζει γὰρ ἑκατέρων καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἕνωσιν τὴν φυσικὴν ἰδιότητα. Οὔτε γὰρ τὸ σῶμα ἀθάνατον ἀλλὰ φθαρτόν, οὔτε ἡ ψυχὴ θνητὴ ἀλλ' ἀθάνατος, οὔτε τὸ σῶμα ἀόρατον οὔτε ἡ ψυχὴ σωματικοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ὁρατή, ἀλλ' ἡ μὲν λογικὴ καὶ νοερὰ καὶ ἀσώματος, τὸ δὲ παχύ τε καὶ ὁρατὸν καὶ ἄλογον. Οὐ μιᾶς δὲ φύσεως τὰ κατ' οὐσίαν ἀντιδιαιρούμενα· οὐ μιᾶς ἄρα οὐσίας ψυχή τε καὶ σῶμα. Καὶ πάλιν· Εἰ ζῷον λογικὸν θνητὸν ὁ ἄνθρωπος, πᾶς δὲ ὅρος τῶν ὑποκειμένων φύσεών ἐστι δηλωτικός, οὐ ταὐτὸν δὲ κατὰ φύσεως λόγον τὸ λογικὸν τῷ θνητῷ· οὐκ ἄρα μιᾶς φύσεως εἴη ὁ ἄνθρωπος κατὰ τὸν τοῦ οἰκείου ὁρισμοῦ κανόνα. Εἰ δὲ λέγοιτό ποτε μιᾶς φύσεως ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ἀντὶ τοῦ εἴδους τὸ τῆς φύσεως παραλαμβάνεται ὄνομα λεγόντων ἡμῶν, ὅτι οὐ διαλλάττει ἄνθρωπος ἀνθρώπου κατά τινα φύσεως διαφοράν, ἀλλὰ τὴν αὐτὴν σύστασιν ἔχοντες πάντες οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ ἐκ ψυχῆς συντεθειμένοι καὶ σώματος καὶ δύο ἕκαστος φύσεις τελοῦντες ὑφ' ἕνα πάντες ὁρισμὸν ἀνάγονται. Καὶ οὐ παράλογον τοῦτο, ὁπότε καὶ πάντων τῶν κτιστῶν ὡς γενητῶν μίαν φύσιν ὁ ἱερὸς Ἀθανάσιος ἔφησεν ἐν τῷ κατὰ τῶν βλασφημούντων τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον οὑτωσὶ λέγων· «Ὅτι δὲ ἄνω τῆς κτίσεώς ἐστι τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον καὶ ἄλλο μὲν παρὰ τὴν τῶν γενητῶν φύσιν, ἴδιον δὲ τῆς θεότητος, ἔξεστι πάλιν συνιδεῖν». «Πᾶν γάρ, ὃ κοινῶς καὶ ἐν πολλοῖς θεωρεῖται, οὐ τινὶ μὲν πλέον, τινὶ δὲ ἔλαττον ὑπάρχον, οὐσία ὀνομάζεται». Ἐπεὶ οὖν πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ ψυχῆς ἐστι συντεθειμένος καὶ σώματος, κατὰ τοῦτο μία φύσις τῶν ἀνθρώπων λέγεται. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς ὑποστάσεως τοῦ κυρίου οὐ λέγειν δυνάμεθα μίαν φύσιν· αἵ τε γὰρ φύσεις σῴζουσι καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἕνωσιν ἑκάστη τὴν φυσικὴν ἰδιότητα, καὶ εἶδος Χριστῶν οὐκ ἔστι εὑρεῖν. Οὐ γὰρ ἐγένετο ἄλλος Χριστὸς ἐκ θεότητός τε καὶ ἀνθρωπότητος, θεός τε καὶ ἄνθρωπος ὁ αὐτός. Καὶ πάλιν· Οὐ ταὐτόν ἐστι τὸ κατ' εἶδος τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἓν καὶ τὸ κατ' οὐσίαν ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος ἕν. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ κατ' εἶδος τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἓν τὴν ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἀπαραλλαξίαν ἐνδείκνυται· τὸ δὲ κατ' οὐσίαν ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος ἓν αὐτὸ τὸ εἶναι αὐτῶν λυμαίνεται εἰς ἀνυπαρξίαν αὐτὰ παντελῆ ἄγον· ἢ γὰρ τὸ ἓν εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἑτέρου μεταποιηθήσεται οὐσίαν ἢ ἐξ ἑτέρων ἕτερον γενήσεται καὶ ἀμφότερα τραπήσονται ἢ ἐπὶ τῶν ἰδίων ὅρων μένοντα δύο φύσεις ἔσονται. Οὐ γὰρ ταὐτὸν κατ' οὐσίας λόγον τὸ σῶμα τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ. Οὐκ ἀνάγκη τοίνυν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μίαν φύσιν λέγοντας (οὐ διὰ τὸ ταὐτὸν τῆς οὐσιώδους ποιότητος ψυχῆς τε καὶ σώματος, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ ἀπαράλλακτον τῶν ὑπὸ τὸ εἶδος ἀναγομένων ἀτόμων) μίαν καὶ ἐπὶ Χριστοῦ φύσιν λέγειν, ἔνθα εἶδος περιεκτικὸν πολλῶν ὑποστάσεων οὐκ ἔστιν. Ἔτι δὲ πᾶσα σύνθεσις ἐκ τῶν προσεχῶς συντεθέντων συντεθεῖσθαι λέγεται· οὐ γὰρ λέγομεν τὸν οἶκον ἐκ γῆς καὶ ὕδατος συντεθεῖσθαι, ἀλλ' ἐκ πλίνθου καὶ ξύλων. Ἐπεὶ ἀνάγκη καὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον λέγειν ἐκ πέντε συγκεῖσθαι φύσεων, ἔκ τε τῶν τεσσάρων