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the laws, but to prefer greatly the impassibility of the soul, cutting off the sprouts of wickedness from below, from the depth of the mind itself, as if from roots, and to try to master anger and every shameful desire, or rather, not even to be angry, through the soul's perfect impassibility, nor to look upon a woman with licentious desire, and instead of stealing, on the contrary, even to give away one's own possessions to those in need, but not to take pride in not defrauding one another, but in bearing without malice those who are the first to defraud them. 3.4.35 And why must I collect all that he taught, and they learned? And he advised them, in addition to the other things, to hold to the truth in such a way as not to need even a true oath, much less to swear falsely, but to prepare their character to appear more trustworthy than any oath, proceeding only as far as 'yea' and 'nay,' using their words with truth. 3.4.36 Therefore, one must ask, what reason would there be to suspect that the hearers of such things, and indeed those who became teachers of the same doctrines, had fabricated all the things they testified the teacher had done. 3.4.37 And what is plausible in thinking that they all lied in agreement, the chosen being twelve in number, and the rest seventy, whom he is also said to have sent "two by two before his face into every place and country where he himself was about to go"? But no argument holds for disbelieving such a multitude of men who embraced a pious and holy life and had disregarded all their possessions, and instead of their dearest ones, I mean wife and children and all their kin, chose a life without possessions, and who brought forth a harmonious testimony about their teacher to all people as from one mouth. 3.4.38 This then would be the primary, first, and true account. But let us also examine the contrary. For let there be the teacher, and the disciples. Then, as in a hypothetical argument, let the one not teach the things mentioned before, but their opposites, that is, to be lawless and impious and unjust and greedy and to defraud, and whatever other evil might be mentioned, but to strive to be concealed in all these things and to hide his character very cleverly under the guise of holy teaching and the profession of a new piety; and let them pursue these things, and things even more wicked than these, due to the ready growth of wickedness and its self-taught nature; and let them greatly extol their teacher with fabricated words, sparing no false account; and let them falsely ascribe to him all the paradoxes and the miracles, so that they themselves might be admired and considered blessed, as having been deemed worthy to become disciples of such a one. 3.4.39 Come then, let us see if, being such men, their undertaking could possibly have held together. For they say an evil man is friend to neither an evil man, nor to a good one. From where then, in such a multitude of men, was the conspiracy of the wicked found? From where the unanimous testimony concerning the same things among them all, the concord even unto death? And who would have paid any attention in the beginning to a sorcerer teaching such things and professing such things? You might say that they were other sorcerers, in no way inferior to their leader. Did they not then see the end of their teacher and what kind of death he suffered? Why then, even after that most shameful end of his, did they persist, theologizing about him among the dead, or what were they longing for, to suffer the same things? And who for no reason at all would ever choose such a manifest punishment? 3.4.40 And indeed, let it be granted that they honored him while he was still present and dwelling with them and, as one might say, leading them astray through deceit. Why then, is it that even after his death, and much more then than before, they deified him, since they are said to have even left him and denied him at one time while he remained with men, when the plot was devised against him, but after he departed from men, they themselves gladly chose to die rather than abandon their good testimony on his behalf? 3.4.41 If therefore they were conscious of nothing good in their teacher, neither a life nor a teaching nor a practice nor a work worthy of praise,

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τοὺς νόμους, τὸ δ' ἀπαθὲς τῆς ψυχῆς περὶ πολλοῦ προτιμᾶν, κάτωθεν ἐκ βάθους αὐτῆς διανοίας ὥσπερ ἀπὸ ῥιζῶν τὰ τῆς κακίας ἀποτέμνοντας βλαστήματα, καὶ κρατεῖν μὲν ὀργῆς καὶ πάσης αἰσχρᾶς ἐπιθυμίας πειρᾶσθαι, μᾶλλον δὲ μηδὲ ὀργίζεσθαι δι' ἄκραν ψυχῆς ἀπάθειαν, μηδὲ προσβλέπειν γυναῖκα μετὰ ἐπιθυμίας ἀκολάστου, τοῦ δὲ κλέπτειν τοὐναντίον καὶ τὰ οἰκεῖα προΐεσθαι τοῖς δεομένοις, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ σεμνύνεσθαι ἐπὶ τῷ μὴ ἀποστερεῖν ἄλληλους, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τῷ τοὺς σφᾶς ἀποστερεῖν προηγουμένους ἀμνησικάκως φέρειν. 3.4.35 καὶ τί με δεῖ συναγαγεῖν πάνθ' ὅσα ὁ μὲν ἐδίδασκεν, οἱ δ' ἐμάνθανον; παρῄνει δ' αὐτοῖς πρὸς τοῖς ἄλλοις τῆς ἀληθείας οὕτως ἔχεσθαι ὡς μηδ' εὐορκίας δεῖσθαι, πολλοῦ δεῖ ἐπιορκεῖν, παρασκευάζειν δὲ τὸν τρόπον παντὸς ὅρκου πιστότερον φαίνεσθαι, μέχρι τοῦ ναί καὶ τοῦ οὔ χωροῦντας, σὺν ἀληθείᾳ τοῖς ῥήμασι χρωμένους. 3.4.36 πευστέον τοίνυν, τίνα ἂν ἔχοι λόγον τοὺς τῶν τοιωνδὶ ἀκροατάς, ἤδη δὲ καὶ διδασκάλους τῶν αὐτῶν φύντας μαθημάτων, πεπλάσθαι ὑπονοεῖν ὅσα διαπράξασθαι τὸν διδάσκαλον ἐμαρτύρησαν. 3.4.37 τί δὲ τὸ πιθανὸν τοῦ νομίζειν συμφώνως ἅπαντας ψεύσασθαι, δώδεκα μὲν ὄντας τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοὺς ἐκκρίτους, ἑβδομήκοντα δὲ τοὺς λοιπούς, οὓς καὶ ἀποστεῖλαι λέγεται «ἀνὰ δύο δύο πρὸ προσώπου αὐτοῦ εἰς πάντα τόπον καὶ χώραν οὗ ἔμελλεν αὐτὸς ἔρχεσθαι»; ἀλλ' οὐδεὶς αἱρεῖ λόγος ἀπιστεῖσθαι τοσοῦτο πλῆθος ἀνδρῶν εὐσεβῆ καὶ σεμνὸν βίον ἀσπασαμένων καὶ πάντων μὲν τῶν οἰκείων ὠλιγωρηκότων, ἀντὶ δὲ τῶν φιλτάτων, γυναικὸς λέγω καὶ παίδων καὶ παντὸς γένους, τὸν ἀκτήμονα τρόπον ἑλομένων, καὶ τὴν περὶ τοῦ διδασκάλου μαρτυρίαν σύμφωνον ὡς ἀφ' ἑνὸς στόματος εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἐξενηνοχότων. 3.4.38 ὁ μὲν οὖν κύριος καὶ πρῶτος καὶ ἀληθὴς λόγος εἴη ἂν οὗτος. Σκεψώμεθα δὲ καὶ τὸν ἐναντίον. ἔστω γὰρ ὁ μὲν διδάσκαλος, οἱ δὲ μαθηταί· εἶθ' ὡς ἐν ὑποθέσει λόγου ὁ μὲν μὴ τὰ προλελεγμένα διδασκέτω, τὰ δ' ἐκείνοις ἐναντία, παρανομεῖν δηλαδὴ καὶ ἀσεβεῖν καὶ ἀδικεῖν καὶ πλεονεκτεῖν καὶ ἀποστερεῖν, καὶ εἴ τι ἕτερον κακὸν λέγοιτο, λανθάνειν δ' ἐπὶ πᾶσι τούτοις σπουδάζειν καὶ τὸ ἦθος μάλ' εὐφυῶς ἐπικρύπτεσθαι προσχήματι σεμνῆς διδασκαλίας καὶ εὐσεβείας ἐπαγγελίᾳ καινῆς· οἱ δὲ ταῦτα μετερχέσθων, καὶ τὰ τούτων ἔτι μοχθηρότερα, διὰ τὸ προαλὲς τῆς κακίας καὶ αὐτοδίδακτον αὐτῆς· ἐπὶ μέγα δὲ πλαστοῖς ῥήμασιν ἐπαιρόντων τὸν διδάσκαλον, μηδενὸς ψευδοῦς φειδόμενοι λόγου· πάντα δὲ αὐτῷ τὰ παράδοξα καὶ τὰς θαυματουργίας πεπλασμένως ἐπιγραφόντων, ὡς ἂν θαυμάζοιντο καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ μακαρίζοιντο, οἷα μαθηταὶ τοιοῦδε γενέσθαι ἠξιωμένοι. 3.4.39 φέρε οὖν ἴδωμεν, εἰ τοιοῖσδε οὖσιν αὐτοῖς συστῆναι οἷόν τε ἦν τὸ ἐπιχείρημα. κακῷ δὴ κακὸν οὔ φασιν εἶναι φίλον, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἀγαθῷ. πόθεν οὖν ἐν πλήθει τοσῶνδε ἀνδρῶν ἡ τῶν κακῶν εὕρηται συμφωνία; πόθεν ἡ περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐν πᾶσιν αὐτοῖς ὁμόφωνος μαρτυρία, ἡ μέχρι θανάτου ὁμοφροσύνη; ἀνδρὶ δὲ γόητι τοιάδε διδάσκοντι καὶ τοιάδε ἐπαγγελλομένῳ τίς ἂν τὴν ἀρχὴν προσέσχεν τὸν νοῦν; εἴποις ἂν ὅτι γόητες ἄλλοι τοῦ καθηγητοῦ κατ' οὐδέν. ἆρ' οὖν οἵδε τὸ τέλος οὐ συνεωράκεσαν τοῦ διδασκάλου καὶ οἵῳ κέχρητο θανάτῳ; τί δῆτα οὖν καὶ μετὰ τὸ αἴσχιστον ἐκεῖνο τέλος αὐτοῦ ἐπέμενον, τὸν ἐν νεκροῖς θεολογοῦντες, ἢ τί ἄρα ποθοῦντες τὰ ἴσα παθεῖν; καὶ τίς πώποτ' ἐπ' οὐδενὶ λόγῳ πρόδηλον ἕλοιτ' ἂν τοιαύτην τιμωρίαν; 3.4.40 καὶ μὴν δεδόσθω τιμᾶν αὐτὸν συνόντα ἔτι καὶ σὺν αὐτοῖς διατρίβοντα καὶ δι' ἀπάτης αὐτούς, ὡς ἂν φαίη τις, ἀποπλανῶντα· τί οὖν, ὅτι καὶ μετὰ τὴν τελευτήν, καὶ πολὺ μᾶλλον τότε ἢ πρότερον, αὐτὸν τεθειάκασιν, ἐπεὶ σὺν ἀνθρώποις μένοντα λέγονται καὶ ἀπολελοιπέναι καὶ ἀπηρνῆσθαί ποτε, ὅτε αὐτῷ τὰ τῆς γε ἐπιβουλῆς ἐσκευώρητο, μετὰ δὲ τὸ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων γενέσθαι ἀσμένως αὐτοὶ θνῄσκειν μᾶλλον ᾑροῦντο ἢ τῆς ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ μαρτυρίας ἀγαθῆς ἐξίστασθαι; 3.4.41 εἰ δὴ οὖν μηδὲν ἀγαθὸν συνεγνωκότες τῷ διδασκάλῳ, μὴ βίον μὴ μάθημα μὴ πρᾶξιν μὴ ἔργον ἐπαίνου ἄξιον,