66

not indeed having been benefited by him in any way, except in wickedness and the deception of men, how did they die so readily, testifying to solemn and glorious things about him, when it was possible for each of them to live a quiet life and to pass a safe existence at his own hearth with his dearest ones? 3.4.42 And how did wandering men and deceivers consider death for another desirable, whom they knew more accurately than all others to have been the cause of no good for them, as one might say, but a teacher of all wickedness? For a man who partakes of reason and virtue might reasonably endure a death with glory for the sake of a good achievement, but the wicked man, being fond of passion and pleasure in his manner of life, and pursuing only this temporary life and its sensual pleasures, would never choose death before life, nor would he endure punishments for his own kin and dearest friends, much less for one condemned for wickedness. 3.4.43 How then did the disciples of the one being indicated, if indeed he was a deceiver and a sorcerer, not being ignorant that he was such a person, but also themselves having their souls possessed by a worse form of wickedness, endure from their fellow countrymen all torments and to accept every kind of punishment for his testimony, since this is not characteristic of the nature of the wicked? 3.4.44 And further, pay attention to this. If indeed they themselves happened to be wanderers and deceivers, and add to this that they were also uneducated and entirely common men, or rather that they were also barbarians, and understood no more than the Syrian tongue, how did they go forth to the whole inhabited world? Or by what thought were they moved to dare this? And by what power did they accomplish what they undertook? 3.4.45 For let it be granted that rustic men, wallowing in their own land, deceived and were deceived, and that the matter was not pursued in quiet; but to proclaim the name of Jesus to all, and to teach his marvelous deeds both in the country and in the city, and that some of them should allot to themselves the Roman empire and the most royal city itself, and others the land of the Persians, and others that of the Armenians, and others the nation of the Parthians, and again that of the Scythians, and that some indeed should even come to the very ends of the inhabited world, and reach the land of the Indians, and others should cross the Ocean to the so-called Britannic Isles, these things I no longer think to be human acts, much less those of insignificant and common men, far less of deceivers and sorcerers. 3.4.46 And having had experience of a base and perverse teacher, and having seen the outcome of his end, what words, then, did they use to one another to fabricate harmonious accounts about him? For with one mouth they all testified that cleansings of lepers and expulsions of demons and revivals of the dead and restorations of sight to the maimed and countless other healings of the sick were performed by him, and above all, his revival after death, seen first by them. 3.4.47 For how could they testify with one mouth that these things, which had not happened nor yet been heard of in their times, had happened, confirming their confession even unto death? Or had they perhaps come together and made a conspiracy for the same purpose and made a compact with one another to invent and lie about things that had not happened? 3.4.48 And what plausible words is it likely to say they used for their compact? Or perhaps with such words as these: 'Friends, the deceiver and teacher of error of yesterday and the day before, who endured the ultimate punishment before the eyes of all of us, whoever he was, we all know him most accurately, as having been initiated into his secrets; 3.4.49 he appeared to be a certain venerable person to the many, and he thought he had something more than the many, but he accomplished nothing great nor worthy of resurrection, unless one might mention the deceitful and treacherous nature of his character, and his teaching us perverse things and his conceit through deceit; for which reasons, come, let us give each other our right hands, and let us all agree together to bring forth a consistent deceit about him to all men, and

66

μηδὲ μὴν κατά τι ὠφελημένοι πρὸς αὐτοῦ, ἢ ὅσον πονηρίαν καὶ ἀνδρῶν πλάνην, πῶς ἔθνῃσκον προθύμως, τὰ σεμνὰ καὶ ἐπίδοξα περὶ αὐτοῦ μαρτυροῦντες, παρὸν ἑκάστῳ ζῆν ἀπραγμόνως καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκείας ἑστίας μετὰ τῶν φιλτάτων τὸν ἀκίνδυνον διάγειν βίον; 3.4.42 Πλάνοι δὲ ἄνδρες καὶ ἀπατεῶνες πῶς ἀγαπητὸν ἡγοῦντο τὸν ὑπὲρ ἑτέρου θάνατον, ὃν ἀκριβῶς πάντων μᾶλλον ἐγίνωσκον οὐδενὸς μὲν αὐτοῖς, ὡς ἂν φαίη τις, γεγονότα παραίτιον ἀγαθοῦ, πάσης δὲ κακίας διδάσκαλον; ἀνὴρ μὲν γὰρ λογισμοῦ καὶ ἀρετῆς μέτοχος ὑπὲρ ἀγαθοῦ κατορθώματος κἂν εὐλόγως ποτὲ τὸν μετ' εὐκλείας θάνατον ὑπομείνειεν, ὁ δὲ μοχθηρός, τὸν τρόπον φιλοπαθής τις καὶ φιλήδονος ὤν, μόνην δὲ τὴν πρόσκαιρον ταυτηνὶ ζωὴν καὶ τὰς κατ' αὐτὴν ἡδυπαθείας μεταδιώκων, οὐκ ἄν ποτε ἕλοιτο πρὸ ζωῆς θάνατον, οὐδ' ὑπὲρ οἰκείων καὶ φιλτάτων τιμωρίας ὑπομείνειεν, μή τί γε ὑπὲρ τοῦ φαυλότητα κατεγνωσμένου. 3.4.43 πῶς οὖν οἱ τοῦ δηλουμένου μαθηταί, εἰ ἄρα πλάνος ἦν καὶ γόης, οὐκ ἀγνοοῦντες αὐτὸν τοιοῦτον, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ χείρονι μοχθηρίας τρόπῳ τὰς ψυχὰς ἐνεσχημένοι, ὑπέμενον πρὸς τῶν ὁμοεθνῶν πάσας αἰκίας καὶ πᾶν τιμωριῶν εἶδος ὑπὲρ τῆς αὐτοῦ μαρτυρίας ἀναδέχεσθαι, οὐκ ὂν τοῦτο τῆς τῶν φαύλων οἰκεῖον φύσεως; 3.4.44 Ἔτι δὲ καὶ τούτῳ πρόσσχες. εἰ δὴ καὶ αὐτοὶ πλάνοι καὶ ἀπατεῶνες ἐτύγχανον, προσθὲς δ' ὅτι καὶ ἀπαίδευτοι καὶ παντελῶς ἰδιῶ ται, μᾶλλον δὲ ὅτι καὶ βάρβαροι, καὶ τῆς Σύρων οὐ πλέον ἐπαΐοντες φωνῆς, πῶς ἐπὶ πᾶσαν προῆλθον τὴν οἰκουμένην; ἢ ποίᾳ τοῦτο διανοίᾳ ἐφαντάσθησαν τολμῆσαι; ποίᾳ δὲ δυνάμει τὸ ἐπιχειρηθὲν κατώρθωσαν; 3.4.45 ἔστω γὰρ ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκείας γῆς καλινδουμένους ἀγροίκους ἄνδρας πλανᾶν καὶ πλανᾶσθαι, καὶ μὴ ἐφ' ἡσυχίας βάλλεσθαι τὸ πρᾶγμα· κηρύττειν δ' εἰς πάντας τὸ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ὄνομα, καὶ τὰς παραδόξους πράξεις αὐτοῦ κατά τε ἀγροὺς καὶ κατὰ πόλιν διδάσκειν, καὶ τοὺς μὲν αὐτῶν τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἀρχὴν καὶ αὐτήν τε τὴν βασιλικωτάτην πόλιν νείμασθαι, τοὺς δὲ τὴν Περσῶν, τοὺς δὲ τὴν Ἀρμενίων, ἑτέρους δὲ τὸ Πάρθων ἔθνος, καὶ αὖ πάλιν τὸ Σκυθῶν, τινὰς δὲ ἤδη καὶ ἐπ' αὐτὰ τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐλθεῖν τὰ ἄκρα, ἐπί τε τὴν Ἰνδῶν φθάσαι χώραν, καὶ ἑτέρους ὑπὲρ τὸν Ὠκεανὸν παρελθεῖν ἐπὶ τὰς καλουμένας Βρεττανικὰς νήσους, ταῦτα οὐκ ἔτ' ἔγωγε ἡγοῦμαι κατὰ ἄνθρωπον εἶναι, μή τί γε κατὰ εὐτελεῖς καὶ ἰδιώτας, πολλοῦ δεῖ κατὰ πλάνους καὶ γόητας. 3.4.46 Οἱ δὲ διδασκάλου φαύλου καὶ διαστροφέως πεπειραμένοι, καὶ τούτου τὴν ἔκβασιν τῆς τελευτῆς καθεωρακότες, ποίοις ἄρα λόγοις ἐχρήσαντο πρὸς ἀλλήλους εἰς τὸ σύμφωνα περὶ αὐτοῦ πλάσασθαι; ἐξ ἑνὸς γὰρ στόματος οἱ πάντες καὶ λεπρῶν καθάρσεις καὶ δαιμόνων ἀπελάσεις νεκρῶν τε ἀναβιώσεις πηρῶν τε ἀναβλέψεις καὶ μυρίας ἄλλας νοσούντων ἰάσεις πρὸς αὐτοῦ γενέσθαι ἐμαρτύρησαν, καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσιν τὴν αὐτοῦ μετὰ τὸν θάνατον ἀναβίωσιν πρώτοις αὐτοῖς ἑωραμένην. 3.4.47 ταῦτα γὰρ μὴ γενόμενα μηδ' ἀκουσθέντα πω κατὰ τοὺς αὐτῶν χρόνους πῶς ἐξ ἑνὸς στόματος ἐμαρτύρουν γεγονέναι, μέχρι καὶ θανάτου πιστούμενοι τὴν ὁμολογίαν; ἢ μή ποτε ἄρα συνελθόντες συνωμοσίαν τε κατὰ τὸ αὐτὸ πεποιημένοι συνθήκας ἔθεντο πρὸς ἀλλήλους πλάσασθαι καὶ καταψεύσασθαι τῶν μὴ γεγονότων; 3.4.48 καὶ ποίοις ἄρα πιθανὸν εἰπεῖν χρήσασθαι αὐτοὺς λόγοις ἐπὶ ταῖς συνθήκαις; ἢ μή ποτε τοῖς τοιοῖσδε· «Ἄνδρες φίλοι, τὸν μὲν δὴ χθὲς καὶ πρώην ἀπατεῶνα καὶ πλάνης διδάσκαλον ὑπ' ὀφθαλμοῖς ἁπάντων ἡμῶν τὴν ἐσχάτην ὑπομείναντα τιμωρίαν, ὅστις ποτὲ ἦν, πάντων ἡμεῖς μάλιστα ἀκριβῶς ἴσμεν, οἷα μύσται τῶν ἀπορρήτων αὐτοῦ γεγενημένοι· σεμνὸς μέν τις τοῖς πολλοῖς ἐφαντάζετο, καί τι πλέον ἔχειν παρὰ τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐφρόνει, οὐδὲν δὲ μέγα οὐδὲ τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἄξιον ἐπήγετο, εἰ μή τις τὸ δολερὸν καὶ ὕπουλον λέγοι τοῦ τρόπου, καὶ τὸ διάστροφα διδάξαι ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς τόν τε δι' ἀπάτης τῦφον· 3.4.49 ἀνθ' ὧν, φέρε, δεξιὰς δόντες ἀλλήλοις, ὁμοῦ πάντες συνθώμεθα περὶ αὐτοῦ σύμφωνον ἐξενεγκεῖν εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους πλάνην, καὶ