John Malalas, Chronography

formerly the same Antiochus. and on the 19th of the month of Daisios, Pompey went out to Egypt from Antioch; and the same Antiochus the Macedonian, son of Dionicus, reigned again. In the same. therefore, times were Cicero and Sallust, the wisest poets of the Romans. And king Antiochus, son of Dionicus, being about to die, left everything under him to the Romans along with his possessions. After, therefore, the death of king Antiochus, Antioch the Great came under the Romans, and all the land of Syria 213 and Cilicia and whatever the Macedonians held. Therefore the Macedonians ruled Antioch the Great, that is Syria and Cilicia and other lands, from Seleucus Nicator until the kingdom was given to the Romans, for 263 years. NINTH BOOK OF THE TIMES OF THE CONSULS OF ROME. Therefore the Roman affairs were formerly administered by the consuls for 464 years until Julius Caesar the dictator; who was not born, but when his mother died in the ninth month, they cut her open and brought him out as an infant; for this reason he was called Caesar; for Caesar in Latin means "the cutting". and having been brought up and having become a man, he was appointed triumvir with Pompey the Great and Crassus; for by these three were the affairs of the Romans administered. And Caesar the dictator, after Crassus was killed, having been taken by the Persians in war in the Persian regions, remained at war with his forces in the regions of the west. and having been removed from the consulate, that is, the triumvirate, by some decree of the Roman senate and of Pom 215 pey the Great his father-in-law, the same Julius Caesar, being grieved, became a tyrant over the Romans; and having incited the enemies of the Romans, he marched against the senate of Rome and Pompey the Great. And having arrived in Rome, he took it, having killed all the senators. But Pompey, having gone out against him and seeing that he was not able to fight him, leaving the western regions, set out for the east, wishing to hold those same regions. Therefore Julius Caesar the dictator, having become master of Rome and all the western regions by his own authority, marched against Pompey the Great; and having overtaken him, he killed him in the land of Egypt, just as the most wise Lucan wrote concerning him. This Caesar, therefore, was the first and only one to rule the Romans with much fear and he avenged everything. For the Macedonians after Seleucus Nicator, being inactive, had neglected the land of Babylonia, allowing the Persians to make a king for themselves; and likewise they also permitted the Jews to receive tetrarchies of the kingdom from the Roman senate. In these same times, therefore, Livy, the wise historian of the Romans, existed, who set forth many things concerning the Romans. And Julius Caesar the dictator, that is monarch, after this ruled over all things in arrogance and tyranny for 18 years. who also invented the bissextile (leap year) and gave laws to the Romans, 216 and he himself appointed consuls each year whom he wished. And in the same time, Virgil, the wise poet of the Romans, wrote the history of Aeneas and of Dido who came from Phoenicia and the Trojan horse and the capture of Troy. And immediately the arrival was announced of Julius Caesar the dictator, that is monarch, who had become a tyrant and taken Rome and killed the senate and become monarch. and the edict arrived in the city of Antioch on the 12th of the month of Artemisios, also called Maius, of the following indiction. and its freedom was proclaimed in Antioch, when it came under the Romans,

πρῴην ὁ αὐτὸς Ἀντίοχος. καὶ τῇ ιθʹ τοῦ δαισίου μηνὸς ἐξῆλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἀπὸ Ἀντιοχείας ὁ Πομπήιος· καὶ ἐβασίλευσε πάλιν ὁ αὐτὸς Ἀντίοχος ὁ Μακεδὼν ὁ ∆ιονίκους. Ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς. οὖν χρόνοις ἦν ὁ Κικέρων καὶ ὁ Σαλλούστιος, οἱ σοφώτατοι Ῥωμαίων ποιηταί. Ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς Ἀντίοχος ὁ ∆ιονίκους μέλλων τελευτᾶν κατέλιπε πάντα τὰ ὑπ' αὐτὸν Ῥωμαίοις μετὰ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτοῦ. μετὰ οὖν τὴν τελευτὴν Ἀντιόχου τοῦ βασιλέως γέγονεν ἡ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ μεγάλη ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίους καὶ πᾶσα ἡ χώρα τῆς Συρίας 213 καὶ Κιλικίας καὶ ὅσα κατεῖχον οἱ Μακεδόνες. ἐβασίλευσαν οὖν Ἀντιοχείας τῆς μεγάλης ἤτοι τῆς Συρίας καὶ Κιλικίας καὶ ἄλλων χωρῶν οἱ Μακεδόνες ἀπὸ Σελεύκου τοῦ Νικάτορος ἕως οὗ ἐδόθη Ῥωμαίοις ἡ βασιλεία ἔτη σξγʹ. ΛΟΓΟΣ ΕΝΑΤΟΣ ΧΡΟΝΩΝ ΥΠΑΤΩΝ ΡΩΜΗΣ. Τὰ οὖν Ῥωμαίων πράγματα πρῴην διῳκεῖτο ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπάτων ἐπὶ ἔτη υξδʹ ἕως Καίσαρος Ἰουλίου τοῦ δικτάτορος· ὃς οὐκ ἐγεννήθη ἀλλὰ τῆς αὐτοῦ μητρὸς τελευτησάσης τῷ ἐνάτῳ μηνὶ ἀνέκειραν αὐτὴν καὶ ἐξέβαλον αὐτὸν βρέφος· διὸ Καῖσαρ ἐλέγετο· Καῖσαρ γὰρ λέγεται ῥωμαϊστὶ ἡ ἀνατομή. ἀνατραφεὶς δὲ καὶ ἀνδρεῖος γενόμενος προεβλήθη τριομβυράτωρ μετὰ Πομπηίου Μάγνου καὶ Κράσσου· ὑπὸ γὰρ τῶν τριῶν τούτων ἐδιῳκεῖτο τὰ Ῥωμαίων. ὁ δὲ Καῖσαρ ὁ δικτάτωρ μετὰ τὸ φονευθῆναι τὸν Κράσσον, παραληφθέντα ὑπὸ Περσῶν πολέμῳ ἐν τοῖς Περσικοῖς μέρεσιν, ἔμεινε πολεμῶν μετὰ τοῦ πλήθους αὐτοῦ ἐν τοῖς μέρεσι τῆς δύσεως. καὶ διαδεχθεὶς τῆς ὑπατείας, ἤτοι τῆς τριομβυρατορίας, κατὰ δοκιμασίαν τινὰ τῆς συγκλήτου Ῥώμης καὶ Πομ 215 πηίου Μάγνου τοῦ αὐτοῦ πενθεροῦ ὁ αὐτὸς Καῖσαρ Ἰούλιος, λυπηθεὶς ἐτυράννησε Ῥωμαίους· καὶ προτρεψάμενος τοὺς κατὰ Ῥωμαίων πολεμίους ἐπεστράτευσε κατὰ τῆς συγκλήτου Ῥώμης καὶ Πομπηίου Μάγνου. καὶ παραγενόμενος ἐν Ῥώμῃ παραλαμβάνει αὐτήν, ἀνελὼν πάντας τοὺς συγκλητικούς. ὁ δὲ Πομπήιος ἐξελθὼν κατ' αὐτοῦ καὶ ἑωρακὼς ἑαυτὸν μὴ δύνασθαι πολεμῆσαι αὐτῷ, καταλιπὼν τὰ δυτικὰ μέρη ἐπὶ τὴν ἀνατολὴν ἐξώρμησε, βουλόμενος διακρατῆσαι τὰ αὐτὰ μέρη. ὁ οὖν Ἰούλιος Καῖσαρ ὁ δικτάτωρ κατὰ αὐθεντίαν ἐγκρατὴς γενόμενος τῆς Ῥώμης καὶ πάντων τῶν δυτικῶν μερῶν, ἐπεστράτευσε κατὰ Πομπηίου Μάγνου· καὶ καταφθάσας αὐτὸν ἀνεῖλεν αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον χώραν, καθὼς περὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ σοφώτατος Λουκανὸς συνεγράψατο. οὗτος οὖν ὁ Καῖσαρ πρῶτος καὶ μόνος ἐκράτησε τῶν Ῥωμαίων μετὰ πολλοῦ φόβου καὶ πάντα ἐξεδίκησεν. οἱ γὰρ Μακεδόνες οἱ μετὰ Σέλευκον τὸν Νικάτορα ἀδρανεῖς ὄντες περιεφρόνησαν τῆς Βαβυλωνίας χώρας, συγχωρήσαντες τοῖς Πέρσαις ποιεῖν ἑαυτοῖς βασιλέα· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις παρεχώρησαν λαβεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς συγκλήτου Ῥώμης τετραρχίας βασιλείας. Ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς οὖν χρόνοις Λίβιος ὁ σοφὸς Ῥωμαίων ὑπῆρχεν ἱστορικός, ὃς ἐξέθετο πολλὰ περὶ Ῥωμαίων. Ὁ δὲ Καῖσαρ Ἰούλιος ὁ δικτάτωρ, ὅ ἐστι μονάρχης, μετὰ ταῦτα τῶν πάντων ἐκράτησεν ἐν ὑπερηφανίᾳ καὶ τυραννίδι ἐπὶ ἔτη ιηʹ. ὅστις καὶ τὸ βίσεξτον ἐφηῦρε καὶ νόμους Ῥωμαίοις ἔδω 216 κε, καὶ ὑπάτους δὲ αὐτὸς προεβάλλετο καθ' ἕκαστον ἔτος οὓς ἠβούλετο. Ἐν δὲ τῷ αὐτῷ καιρῷ Βεργίλλιος ὁ σοφὸς Ῥωμαίων ποιητὴς συνεγράψατο τὴν τοῦ Αἰνείου ἱστορίαν καὶ τῆς ∆ιδὼ τῆς ἐκ Φοινίκης καταγομένης καὶ τὸν δούριον ἵππον καὶ τῆς Τροίης τὴν ἅλωσιν. Καὶ εὐθέως ἐμηνύθη ἡ παρουσία Ἰουλίου Καίσαρος δικτάτορος, ὅ ἐστι μονάρχου, τοῦ τυραννήσαντος καὶ παραλαβόντος τὴν Ῥώμην καὶ φονεύσαντος τὴν σύγκλητον καὶ γενομένου μονάρχου. καὶ κατέφθασε τὸ πρόθεμα ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ τῇ πόλει τῇ ιβʹ τοῦ ἀρτεμισίου τοῦ καὶ μαΐου μηνὸς τῆς μετὰ ταῦτα ἐπινεμήσεως. καὶ προετέθη ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ ἡ ἐλευθερία αὐτῆς, ὅτε ἐγένετο ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίους,