John Malalas, Chronography

sent by the same Caesar Julius on the twentieth of the month of Artemisius. The edict, therefore, was set forth, containing the following: In Antioch the metropolis, sacred and inviolable and autonomous and ruling and presiding over the East, Julius Gaius Caesar, and the rest. And the same Julius Caesar the dictator entered Antioch on the 23rd of the month of Artemisius; and he built a basilica, which he called the Caesarium, opposite the temple of Ares which was renamed Macellum, erecting there a bronze stele to the Fortune of Rome. He likewise also built up on the so-called acropolis on the mountain of the same great Antioch a public bath for the same acropolitans, bringing the 217 water from the so-called waters of the Laodicean road through the aqueduct built by him. And he built up there also a gladiatorial arena and a theater; and he renewed the Pantheon, which was about to collapse, re-erecting the altar. And having gone to Alexandria the Great, the same Caesar built there in the name of his own son whom he had from Cleopatra, whom he loved as she was beautiful; whom he found in the Thebaid, having been pursued by her own brother Ptolemy who was vexed with her. Caesar seduced this woman and made her pregnant; and she bore a son, whom she named Caesarion. Therefore, in the name of his own son, the same Julius Caesar also built the Caesarium in Alexandria the Great. And casting her brother Ptolemy out from the kingdom of the Egyptians, he gave to her the kingdom of the Egyptians, after killing the two eunuchs who had induced Ptolemy to exile Cleopatra to the Thebaid. But the son of Cleopatra and of the same Caesar died young. And having come to Rome, the same Caesar was slain by the second Brutus and other senators who conspired with him during the consulship of Chrysauricus and Antony for the second time. Therefore, great Antioch reckons as its first year in honor of the same Caesar Gaius Julius. 218 And after Caesar Gaius Julius, the senate of Rome chose Augustus Octavian, the kinsman of Caesar, and Antony, the brother-in-law of Augustus by his sister, and Lepidus, and the three became triumvirs, and they themselves managed the affairs of the Romans, appointing consuls each year. And in the fifteenth year of the triumvirate of the same Augustus Octavian, when the Egyptians and Cleopatra acted as tyrants—she who built the Pharos in Alexandria the Great on the island called Proteus, which is opposite Alexandria at a distance of two miles, and who heaped up earth and stones into the sea for so great a distance that the sea could be walked upon as far as the island itself and the Pharos by men and horses; which awesome work the same Cleopatra accomplished through Dexiphanes of Cnidus, an engineer, who made the sea into land. And when the tyranny of the Egyptians and of Cleopatra their queen became known to the Romans, Antony set out from Rome armed against Cleopatra and the Egyptians and toward the Persian regions, because they were disturbing the East. And Antony went down to Egypt with a great force of troops; and having reached Alexandria the Great, he sat down besieging 219 it, telling Cleopatra to give up the city; for he knew her from before when he came to Egypt with Julius Caesar. But Cleopatra declared back to him, deceiving him, that she was in love with him. Antony therefore was deceived and, being struck by love, he loved her and was subordinated to her. Now Cleopatra was short of stature, but very beautiful and charming. And having received Antony in the city and his multitudes, she was married to him. And henceforth the same Antony, taking her as his wife, tyrannized the Romans together with her, and scorning and repudiating his wife, the sister

τῇ εἰκάδι τοῦ ἀρτεμισίου μηνὸς πεμφθεῖσα παρὰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ Καίσαρος Ἰουλίου. τὸ οὖν ἤδικτον προετέθη περιέχον οὕτως. Ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ τῇ μητροπόλει ἱερᾷ καὶ ἀσύλῳ καὶ αὐτονόμῳ καὶ ἀρχούσῃ καὶ προκαθημένῃ τῆς ἀνατολῆς Ἰούλιος Γάϊος Καῖσαρ καὶ τὰ λοιπά. καὶ εἰσῆλθεν ὁ αὐτὸς Ἰούλιος Καῖσαρ ὁ δικτάτωρ ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ τῇ κγʹ τοῦ ἀρτεμισίου μηνός· καὶ ἔκτισε βασιλικήν, ἣν ἐκάλεσε τὸ Καισάριον, κατέναντι τοῦ ἱεροῦ τοῦ Ἄρεως τοῦ μετακληθέντος Μακέλλου, στήσας ἐκεῖ στήλην χαλκῆν τῇ τύχῃ Ῥώμης. ἔκτισε δὲ ὡσαύτως καὶ ἄνω εἰς τὴν καλουμένην ἀκρόπολιν εἰς τὸ ὄρος τῆς αὐτῆς Ἀντιοχείας τῆς μεγάλης δημόσιον λουτρὸν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἀκροπολίταις, ἐνεγκὼν τὸ 217 ὕδωρ ἀπὸ τῶν λεγομένων ὑδάτων τῆς Λαοδικηνῆς ὁδοῦ διὰ τοῦ παρ' αὑτοῦ κτισθέντος ἀγωγοῦ. ἔκτισε δὲ ἐκεῖ ἄνω καὶ μονομάχιον καὶ θέατρον· ἀνενέωσε δὲ καὶ τὸ Πάνθεον, μέλλοντα συμπίπτειν, ἀνεγείρας τὸν βωμόν. Καὶ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ τῇ μεγάλῃ ἀπελθὼν ἔκτισεν ἐκεῖ ὁ αὐτὸς Καῖσαρ εἰς ὄνομα τοῦ ἰδίου αὐτοῦ υἱοῦ οὗ ἔσχεν ἀπὸ Κλεοπάτρας, ἧς ἐφίλησεν ὡς εὐπρεπῆ οὖσαν· ἥντινα ηὗρεν εἰς τὴν Θηβαΐδα διωχθεῖσαν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἰδίου αὐτῆς ἀδελφοῦ Πτολεμαίου λυπηθέντος πρὸς αὐτήν. ταύτην ὁ Καῖσαρ φθείρας ἔγκυον ἐποίησε· καὶ ἐγέννησεν υἱόν, ὃν ἐπεκάλεσε Καισάριον. εἰς ὄνομα οὖν τοῦ ἰδίου υἱοῦ καὶ τὸ Καισάριον ἔκτισεν ὁ αὐτὸς Ἰούλιος ὁ Καῖσαρ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ τῇ μεγάλῃ. καὶ ἐκβαλὼν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτῆς Πτολεμαῖον ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἔδωκεν αὐτῇ τὴν βασιλείαν Αἰγυπτίων, φονεύσας καὶ τοὺς δύο εὐνούχους τοὺς εἰσάξαντας τὸν Πτολεμαῖον εἰς Θηβαΐδα ἐξορίσαι τὴν Κλεοπάτραν. ὁ δὲ υἱὸς τῆς Κλεοπάτρας καὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ Καίσαρος ἐτελεύτα μικρός. Ἐν δὲ τῇ Ῥώμῃ ἐλθὼν ὁ αὐτὸς Καῖσαρ ἐσφάγη ὑπὸ τοῦ δευτέρου Βρούτου καὶ ἄλλων μετ' αὐτοῦ συμποιησαμένων συγκλητικῶν ἐπὶ τῆς ὑπατείας Χρυσαυρίκου καὶ Ἀντωνίου τὸ δεύτερον. χρηματίζει οὖν ἡ μεγάλη Ἀντιόχεια κατὰ τιμὴν ἔτος πρῶτον ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ Καίσαρος Γαΐου Ἰουλίου. 218 Μετὰ δὲ τὸν Καίσαρα Γάϊον Ἰούλιον ἐπελέξατο ἡ σύγκλητος Ῥώμης τὸν Αὔγουστον Ὀκταβιανὸν τὸν συγγενῆ τοῦ Καίσαρος καὶ τὸν Ἀντώνιον τὸν τοῦ Αὐγούστου γαμβρὸν ἐπ' ἀδελφῇ καὶ τὸν Λέπιδον, καὶ ἐγένοντο οἱ τρεῖς τριομβυράτορες, καὶ αὐτοὶ διῴκουν τὰ Ῥωμαίων πράγματα προβαλλόμενοι κατ' ἔτος ὑπάτους. Τῷ δὲ πεντεκαιδεκάτῳ ἔτει τῆς τριομβυρίας τοῦ αὐτοῦ Αὐγούστου Ὀκταβιανοῦ, τυραννησάντων τῶν Αἰγυπτίων καὶ τῆς Κλεοπάτρας τῆς κτισάσης ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ τῇ μεγάλῃ τὴν Φάρον εἰς τὴν νῆσον τὴν λεγομένην Πρωτέως καὶ οὖσαν κατέναντι Ἀλεξανδρείας ἀπὸ μιλίων δύο καὶ προσχωσάσης γῆν καὶ λίθους εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτο διάστημα εἰς τὸ βαδίζεσθαι τὴν θάλασσαν ἕως τῆς νήσου αὐτῆς καὶ τῆς Φάρου ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἀλόγων· ὅπερ φοβερὸν ἐποίησεν ἔργον ἡ αὐτὴ Κλεοπάτρα διὰ ∆εξιφάνους Κνιδίου μηχανικοῦ, ὃς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐποίησε χθόνα. τῆς δὲ τυραννίδος τῶν Αἰγυπτίων καὶ τῆς Κλεοπάτρας βασιλίσσης αὐτῶν γνωσθείσης Ῥωμαίοις, ἐξῆλθεν ἀπὸ Ῥώμης Ἀντώνιος ὁπλισάμενος κατὰ τῆς Κλεοπάτρας καὶ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ Περσικὰ μέρη, ὅτι ἐτάρασσον τὴν ἀνατολήν. καὶ κατῆλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν Αἴγυπτον μετὰ πολλῆς δυνάμεως στρατευμάτων ὁ Ἀντώνιος· καὶ φθάσας Ἀλεξάνδρειαν τὴν μεγάλην περιεκάθητο πολιορκῶν 219 αὐτήν, δηλώσας τῇ Κλεοπάτρᾳ δοῦναι τὴν πόλιν· ᾔδει γὰρ αὐτὴν πρῴην μετὰ τοῦ Καίσαρος Ἰουλίου ἐπὶ τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐλθών. ἡ δὲ Κλεοπάτρα ἀντεδήλωσεν αὐτῷ, ὑπονοθεύσασα αὐτόν, ὡς ἐρῶσα αὐτοῦ. ὁ οὖν Ἀντώνιος ἠπατήθη καὶ ἔρωτι βληθεὶς ἐφίλησεν αὐτὴν καὶ ὑπετάγη αὐτῇ. ἦν δὲ κονδοειδὴς ἡ Κλεοπάτρα, εὐπρεπὴς δὲ πάνυ καὶ μυστική. καὶ δεξαμένη τὸν Ἀντώνιον ἐν τῇ πόλει καὶ τὰ πλήθη αὐτοῦ ἐγαμήθη αὐτῷ. καὶ λοιπὸν ὁ αὐτὸς Ἀντώνιος λαβὼν αὐτὴν γυναῖκα ἐτυράννησεν ἅμα αὐτῇ Ῥωμαίους, καὶ καταφρονήσας καὶ ἀποταξάμενος τῇ αὐτοῦ γυναικί, τῇ ἀδελφῇ