Philocalia
they laid down the toils of faith. For them, indeed, nearly their whole life was spent in showing the most holy and sovereign Trinity to be of equal h
to attempt to correct the sayings of scripture for consistency, greatly preserving for those who are able to understand the coherence of the thought.
Free Will. 20. On good and evil things, and that these are in things subject to choice and in things not subject to choice, and according to the teach
rulers spoken of from Judah and leaders [from] his loins, when he for whom it is reserved, that is, the kingdom, shall come, and the expectation of th
And he came who according to Job subdued the great sea monster, and who gave authority to his genuine disciples to tread upon snakes and scorpions, an
that is, of the elementary teaching, to be brought to perfection, so that the wisdom spoken to the perfect may also be spoken to us. For he who posses
of the wives of Abraham, and of two sisters married to Jacob, and of two handmaids who bore children by him, they will say nothing else than that thes
orphans but Clement will send to the cities abroad and you will report to the presbyters of the church. For Grapte, who admonishes the widows and th
of new moons or of sabbaths which are a shadow of things to come. And further, also in the [epistle] to the Hebrews, speaking of those of the circumc
to things that have happened and things to be done, wherever the Word found things that had happened according to history which could be applied to th
Moses commands us to offer but a griffin has never been recorded to have been subject to man, which the lawgiver forbids to be eaten. But even the fa
to his brother, and so on and: But I say to you, do not swear at all. and in the Apostle the saying must be observed: Warn those who are unruly, comf
Isaac, he too having descended from Abraham, with all being traced back to Adam, whom the apostle says is Christ? For every beginning of families that
he came to gather the lost sheep of the house of Israel and when many from Israel did not yield to his teaching, those from the Gentiles are also cal
fleeing the allegory in these things, and thinking that the letter has been written for its own sake, they will stand by the will of the Holy Spirit w
behold, the lion of the tribe of Judah, the root of David, has conquered, to open the book and its seven seals. 2.2 But concerning its being sealed on
holy, for one who perceives the weakness of our race, and that it is impossible for us to grasp the principles of God's art, contemplated with all acc
It is. from the fifth volume of the commentary on the Gospel of John, on the prologue. Since you are not content for us to have undertaken the present
of many theorems, of which each theorem is a part of the whole discourse. But those outside this, promising to contain any kind of discussion and decl
the things before, he has understood the entire scripture as one book, understood as very sweet in the beginning when one chews it, but bitter in the
to the gospel or to himself or to the apostles. But one who has been educated in the music of God, being wise in deeds and words, and for this reason
he might change it, leading it to the singular. For having read: “They wept and entreated me ” and: “In the house of On they found me ” he might say t
of angels in the hand of a mediator and in the passage: So that the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by f
to others. And if we carefully observe this, we are freed from many errors and misinterpretations. It is necessary, therefore, to know that the word
in unbelief, confusion, outside. From the 20th book on Ezekiel. Thus says the Lord Lord: behold, I will judge between sheep and sheep, between rams a
For there are certain powers in us, of which the better ones are nourished by these, as it were, incantations, being kindred to them, and though we do
so that having despoiled the Egyptians, they might find material for the construction of the things received for the worship of God. For from the thin
His Christ would also know, and he who partakes of the spirit of God and the spirit of Christ. May you partake, and may you always increase your parti
of a spotted robe and of countless other things, one who takes the pains can find not a few examples. But we have made this digression, in order that
arising in those who speak effectively. For the prophet says in the sixty-seventh psalm, that the Lord will give a word to those who preach the gospel
knowing the first good, wrote indeed, as of God manifesting himself to the worthy and suitable, that God appeared, so to speak, to Abraham, or to Isaa
to the prophets of the Jews or to the oracles of the Christians the argument must be constructed in this way, from a certain example concerning foods
the concept of forbearance is corrupted by the meanness of the words, but in this too Celsus slanders the Word, saying: “But concerning these and othe
three apostles. But he will say that these things are fabrications and in no way different from myths, just as are the other wonderful things about Je
who are in no way lacking intelligible thunder. 15.19 And his garments below are different, they are not white, they are not as the light if you go u
admittedly more numerous but I think also among barbarians, as many as profess to practice medicine. And again, since philosophy, professing truth an
to think and to speak and to do, when reviled, we bless when persecuted, we endure when defamed, we entreat and we would not say things that may an
brother of Artemis, and paternal brother of Hermes and as many other things as the wise fathers of Celsus's doctrines and the ancient theologians of
of the name of Isaac, and something is revealed from the voice of Jacob and if indeed the one who calls or the one who adjures names the God of Abrah
as they wish, so he says it also happens among Christians. And he says that some, not even wishing to give or receive a reason for what they believe,
to seek proofs. And how is it not more reasonable, since all human affairs depend on faith, to trust God rather than them? For who sails, or marries,
I know the Stoic, or all the Peripatetic doctrines? unless perhaps, having heard the phrase for I know all things from some insensitive laymen who w
a profession was apparent since the word and the preaching were in the persuasive wisdom of phrasing and composition of words and faith would have b
to remove from such great evils those who were preoccupied in them. And among the Greeks a certain Phaedo, and I know not if a second, and one Polemon
We will say that the story about Aristotle is also a slander against Jesus and his disciples for when he saw that a court was about to be assembled a
And indeed one of the prophets, Hosea, says at the end of his words: Who is wise, and will understand these things? Or prudent, and will know them? Bu
that he might bring to nothing things that are, that no flesh should glory in his presence some have been moved to suppose that no one educated or wi
inviting them. which certain of the Cynics especially have done, discoursing in public to those who happen to be present. Will they then say that thes
a gathering of prudent men would never be addressed, but where they see boys and a crowd of household slaves and a throng of foolish men, there to bri
of the riddles and of the things said with concealment in the law and prophets and gospels, which you have despised as containing nothing of value, no
of stone as being worthy of worship but the common conception demands we understand that God is in no way corruptible matter, nor is he honored in in
to say to those who, through hatred for the hated, accuse them of things for which their dearest friends are praised. For just as in their case hatred
for food, and others for shelter. For it was better for those not intending to seek divine things and to philosophize to be in want, so as to use thei
to be captured by them? For if indeed the world came to be by providence, and God presides over all things it was necessary that the first sparks of
among them their succession, because men have need of honey for many things, for the healing of suffering bodies and as a purifying food. But what is
Indeed, when they meet, they converse with each other, which is why they do not miss their paths therefore, there is among them a fulfillment of disc
to have granted aids, because neither wisdom nor reason is in them, but a certain natural constitution for such things for the sake of the animals' pr
divination and after this to set forth the defense more clearly and demonstratively to reject the arguments of those who do away with such kinds of
mantic birds and the other irrational animals and conceptions of the divine and foreknowledge concerning future things, would have revealed such thing
taken as an example of the worst things, and never is a wolf or a fox named in connection with a good thing. It seems, then, that there is a certain f
For none of the irrational animals has a conception of God. And it is a falsehood that irrational animals are nearer to divine communion since even
to act, he would not have said that storks are more pious than men. Furthermore, as if standing up for the piety of the irrational animals, Celsus int
has the cause of movement, animals and plants and simply all things that are held together by nature and soul, among which they say are also minerals.
being driven out of what is solemn and stable so that they change to licentiousness, often beginning their licentiousness in the middle of their life
someone that in like manner those who are perishing are not of free will nor will they perish by their own fault. And what is said in Ezekiel: I will
to Pharaoh? For it is necessary for one who believes that the scriptures are true and that God is just, if he is fair-minded, to struggle with how in
narratives are also considered violent, let us see also from prophetic discourse, what those say who have experienced the great goodness of God, and h
One might blame the farmer for not casting the seeds sooner upon the rocky ground, seeing some other rocky ground that has received the seeds and is f
21.15 After this was the passage from the gospel, when the savior said that for this reason he speaks to those outside in parables, that seeing they m
that they would have long ago repented, sitting in sackcloth and ashes, when the savior came near their borders, they do not even hear the things of t
we might stumble, while it is understood that something has happened in a human way, but the good deed is thankfully referred to God the perfecter th
thus? Or does not the potter have authority over the clay, from the same lump to make one vessel for honor, and another for dishonor? For someone will
O man, who are you who answers back to God? 21.22 But to those who introduce natures and use the saying, these things must be said: if they preserve t
those who were allotted to be overseers of the earth established laws for those who were being legislated for, cooperating with the lawgivers. It seem
different relations and laws see if temperance will not consequently be one of the relatives, and courage and prudence and knowledge and the other vi
the voice of his neighbor. And the Lord scattered them from there over the face of all the earth, and they stopped building the city and the tower. Fo
in proportion to the sins of those who had obtained the other lands, first, having been punished to a lesser degree and paid the penalty, as if discip
blessings for none of these things will any longer reasonably come to be. And if one were to look at the consequences for himself of what he teaches,
in a prophetic book which makes clear beforehand the things concerning Judas the traitor, to suppose, having learned what was to be, seeing it being f
king of the Macedonians, and Ptolemy who ruled Egypt, who was surnamed Lagos, it is thus prophesied: And behold, a he-goat came from the west over the
that what is in our power can be preserved. 23.8 To these we must say that when God applies himself to the beginning of the creation of the world, sin
hearing they will turn back or they will persist in their own sins just as it is said in Jeremiah: Perhaps they will hear and repent. For God does no
in the psalm, whose beginning is: O God, do not be silent about my praise for the mouth of the sinner and the mouth of the deceitful has been opened
taking the hour of this man’s birth, they ascertain how each of the wandering stars is perpendicularly aligned, either with this degree of the zodiac
of the father and that of the mother and that of his wife and of his sons and of the servants and of the dearest friends, and perhaps also of the murd
the intelligible dodecatemorion being one thing, and the, as it were, formation another and they say the results are found not from the formation, bu
Pharaoh was for the demonstration of the power of God and the proclamation of his name in all the earth, consider how great a demonstration of God's p
of men that not at every hour are some of the stars well-positioned and others ill-positioned for it is an even, varied circle, having infinite prete
a place for withdrawal. But if anyone should say that matter is in God, it is necessary to examine likewise, whether as though he were separating hims
If you have something to say, begin your speech. For if our inquiry were born of contention, I would not have thought it right to define evils a secon
God is the creator. Let this argument, therefore, be well addressed to him but to me it seems a falsehood to say that matter is without quality. For
and to turn that to the better, seems to me to be worthy of incurring blame, having left a part of matter to be evil to the destruction of the part wh
it was opposed to itself. Thus since opposites exist, it is shown that matter does not exist. These things have been drawn from the 7th book of the Ev
of their coming into being and as knowing all things before their coming into being he foreknew and predestined some to be conformed to the image of
he will discipline his body and bring it into subjection, being careful lest, having preached to others, he himself should become disqualified, and th
events teaching that we must choose justice and temperance and prudence and courage and the actions according to them, but shun their opposites. There
accomplishing by the very act of working, they were doing good to men and delivering them from evils. And those who say such things will pass on to th
For the just man did not give his money at interest and did not take bribes against the innocent and: He who does these things will not be shaken for
of providence, according to the good temper of the airs and the bearing of sufficient rain so the good of the rational being is a mixture of both his
for God to effect a hardening of anyone's heart, and to effect a hardening for the purpose of the one being hardened disobeying the will of the one ha
being destroyed. Yet this also must be inquired into, because the apostle, using the words from here, says: Therefore, He has mercy on whom He wills,
to do something alien to the profession of physicians, leading him who should be healed to inflammations and abscesses so I think God also said: But
to punish him for the sins against Abner the son of Ner, and to kill him for his offenses then he adds: And you will bring down his gray head in peac
man shall live by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God. But observe in these things that God afflicts and tests, so that the things in each
from the text that the heart of Pharaoh was hardened how is he just who hardened the heart of the king so that he would not send away his people, and
One might blame the farmer for not casting the seeds sooner upon the rocky ground, seeing some other rocky ground that has received the seeds and is flourishing, the farmer would answer that I will sow this ground later, having cast upon it things able to hold what will be sown, since the slower and safer way will be better for this ground in comparison to the one that received it sooner and more superficially; one would be persuaded by the farmer as speaking reasonably and as having acted with knowledge; so also the great farmer of all nature postpones what might have been considered a sooner good deed, so that it may not become superficial. But it is likely that someone would object to us in response to these things: But why does some of the seed fall upon the soul that has the earth superficially, being like a rock? And to this it must be said that it is better for a certain one who has desired the better things rather rashly, and not having traveled the path to them, to obtain what she has desired; so that, having condemned herself on this account, she might be patient to receive the natural cultivation later after a long time. For infinite to us, as one might say, are the souls, and infinite their characters, and very many are their movements and intentions and designs and impulses; of which there is only one best steward, who understands the fitting times and the appropriate helps and the trainings and the ways, the God and Father of all, who knows how He also leads Pharaoh through so many things and a drowning, in which the economy for Pharaoh does not end. For it is not that because he was drowned he was annihilated; For in the hand of God are both we and our words, and all prudence and knowledge of crafts. And these things have been said in moderation as a defense concerning the hardening of Pharaoh's heart, and concerning the saying: Whom He wills He has mercy on, and whom He wills He hardens. 21.14 But let us also see the passage from Ezekiel which says: I will take away the stony hearts from them and I will put in hearts of flesh, so that they may walk in my statutes and keep my ordinances. For if whenever God wills He takes away the stony hearts and puts in hearts of flesh, so that His ordinances are kept and His commandments are observed, it is not in our power to put away wickedness. For the removal of the stony hearts is nothing other than the removal of wickedness, by which one is hardened, from whom God wills; and for a heart of flesh to be created within, so that one may walk in the ordinances of God and keep His commandments, what else is it than to become yielding and not resistant to the truth and a practitioner of the virtues? But if God promises to do these things, and we do not put away the stony hearts before He takes them away, it is clear that it is not in our power to put away wickedness; and if we do nothing so that the heart of flesh might be created in us, but it is the work of God, to live according to virtue will not be our work, but entirely a divine grace. These things one will say who denies what is in our power, based on the bare words. But we will answer by saying that one must hear these things in this way, that, just as one who happens to be in ignorance and lack of education, perceiving his own evils either from the exhortation of a teacher or otherwise from himself, gives himself over to one whom he thinks is able to guide him to education and virtue, and when he gives himself over, the educator promises to take out the lack of education and to put in education, not as if there were nothing for being educated and fleeing the lack of education in the power of the one who brought himself to be healed, but as promising to improve the one who is willing; in this way the divine word promises to take away the wickedness of those who approach, which it has named a stony heart, not when they are unwilling but when they have presented themselves to the physician of the sick; just as in the gospels the sick are found approaching the savior and asking to receive healing and being healed. And so to speak, the work of the blind to see again is, on the one hand, with respect to having asked, having believed that they could be healed, the work of those who suffered, and on the other hand, with respect to the restoration of sight, the work of our savior. So therefore, the word of God promises to create knowledge in those who approach, having taken out the stony and hard heart, which is wickedness, in order for one to walk in the divine commandments and to keep the divine ordinances.
ἐγκαλοῖ τις τῷ γεωργῷ μὴ τάχιον τὰ σπέρματα ἐπὶ τὴν πετρώδη γῆν βαλόντι, ὁρῶν ἄλλην τινὰ πετρώδη γῆν λαβοῦσαν τὰ σπέρματα
καὶ ἀνθοῦσαν, ἀποκρίναιτο ἂν ὁ γεωργὸς ὅτι Βράδιον σπερῶ τὴν γῆν ταύτην ἐπιβαλὼν τὰ δυνάμενα παρακατασχεῖν τὰ σπαρησόμενα,
κρείττονος ἐσομένου τῇδε τῇ γῇ τοῦ βραδυτέρου καὶ ἀσφαλεστέρου παρὰ τὴν τάχιον εἰληφυῖαν καὶ ἐπιπολαιοτέρως· πεισθείη μεν
ἂν ὡς εὐλόγως λέγοντι τῷ γεωργῷ καὶ ὡς ἐπιστημόνως πεποιηκότι· οὕτω καὶ ὁ μέγας πάσης φύσεως γεωργὸς ὑπερτίθεται τὴν νομισθεῖσαν
ἂν τάχιον εὐποιΐαν, ἵνα μὴ ἐπιπόλαιος γένηται. ἀλλ' εἰκός τινα ἡμῖν πρὸς ταῦτα ἀνθυπενεγκεῖν· ∆ιὰ τί δέ τι τῶν σπερμάτων πίπτει
ἐπὶ τὴν ἐξ ἐπιπολῆς ἔχουσαν τὴν γῆν οἱονεὶ πέτραν οὖσαν ψυχήν; λεκτέον δὲ καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο ὅτι βέλτιον τῇδέ τινι προπετέσ τερον
βεβουλημένῃ τὰ κρείττονα, καὶ οὐχὶ ὁδῷ ἐπ' αὐτὰ ὁδευσάσῃ, τυχεῖν οὗ βεβούληται· ἵνα ἑαυτῆς ἐπὶ τούτῳ καταγνοῦσα τὴν κατὰ φύσιν
γεωργίαν μακροθυμήσῃ ὕστε ρον πολλῷ χρόνῳ λαβεῖν. ἄπειροι γὰρ ἡμῖν, ὡς ἂν εἴποι τις, αἱ ψυχαὶ καὶ ἄπειρα τὰ τούτων ἤθη καὶ
πλεῖστα ὅσα τὰ κινήματα καὶ αἱ προθέσεις καὶ αἱ ἐπιβολαὶ καὶ αἱ ὁρμαί· ὧν εἷς μόνος οἰκονόμος ἄριστος καὶ τοὺς καιροὺς ἐπιστά
μενος καὶ τὰ ἁρμόζοντα βοηθήματα καὶ τὰς ἀγωγὰς καὶ τὰς ὁδοὺς, ὁ τῶν ὅλων θεὸς καὶ πατὴρ, ὁ εἰδὼς πῶς καὶ τὸν Φαραὼ ἄγει διὰ
τοσῶνδε καὶ καταποντισμοῦ, εἰς ὃν οὐ καταλήγει ἡ οἰκονομία τοῦ Φαραώ. οὐ γὰρ ἐπεὶ κατε ποντώθη ἀνελύθη· Ἐν γὰρ χειρὶ θεοῦ
καὶ ἡμεῖς καὶ οἱ λόγοι ἡμῶν, πᾶσά τε φρόνησις καὶ ἐργατιῶν ἐπιστήμη. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν μετρίως εἰς ἀπολογίαν περὶ τοῦ ἐσκληρύνθαι
τὴν καρδίαν Φαραὼ, καὶ περὶ τοῦ· Ὃν θέλει ἐλεεῖ, ὃν δὲ θέλει σκληρύνει. 21.14 Ἴδωμεν δὲ καὶ τὸ ἐκ τοῦ Ἰεζεκιὴλ λέγοντος· Ἐξελῶ
τὰς λιθίνας καρδίας ἀπ' αὐτῶν καὶ ἐμβαλῶ σαρ κίνας, ὅπως ἐν τοῖς δικαιώμασί μου πορεύωνται καὶ τὰ προστάγματά μου φυλάσσωσιν.
εἰ γὰρ ὅτε βούλεται ὁ θεὸς ἐξαίρει τὰς λιθίνας καρδίας καὶ ἐντίθησι σαρκίνας, ὥστε τὰ προστάγματα αὐτοῦ φυλάττεσθαι καὶ τηρεῖσθαι
τὰς ἐντολὰς, οὐκ ἔστι τὴν κακίαν ἀποθέσθαι ἐφ' ἡμῖν. τὸ γὰρ ἐξαιρεθῆναι τὰς λιθίνας καρδίας οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἢ τὴν κακίαν,
καθ' ἣν σκληρύνεταί τις, περιαιρεθῆναι ἀφ' οὗ ὁ θεὸς βούλεται· καὶ τὸ ἐγγενέσθαι καρδίαν σαρκίνην, ἵνα ἐν τοῖς προστάγμασί
τις πορεύηται τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ φυλάσσῃ αὐτοῦ τὰς ἐντολὰς, τί ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἢ εἰκτικὸν γενέσθαι καὶ μὴ ἀντίτυπον πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν
καὶ πρακτικὸν τῶν ἀρετῶν; εἰ δὲ ταῦτα ἐπαγγέλλεται ὁ θεὸς ποιεῖν, καὶ πρὶν ἀφελεῖν αὐτὸν τὰς λιθίνας καρδίας οὐκ ἀποτιθέμεθα
αὐτὰς, δῆλον ὅτι οὐκ ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἐστὶν ἀποθέσθαι τὴν κακίαν· καὶ εἰ οὐχ ἡμεῖς τι πράττομεν ἵνα ἐγγένηται ἡμῖν ἡ σαρκίνη καρδία,
ἀλλὰ θεοῦ ἐστὶν ἔργον, οὐχ ἡμέτερον ἔργον ἔσται τὸ κατ' ἀρετὴν βιοῦν, ἀλλὰ πάντη θεία χάρις. ταῦτα μὲν ἐρεῖ ὁ ἀπὸ τῶν ψιλῶν
ῥητῶν τὸ ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἀναιρῶν. ἡμεῖς δὲ ἀποκρινούμεθα τούτων οὕτως ἀκούειν δεῖν λέγοντες ὅτι, ὥσπερ ὁ ἐν ἀμαθίᾳ καὶ ἀπαιδευσίᾳ
τυγχάνων, αἰσθανόμενος τῶν ἰδίων κακῶν ἤτοι ἐκ προτροπῆς τοῦ διδάσκοντος ἢ ἄλλως ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ, ἐπιδίδωσιν ἑαυτὸν ᾧ νομίζει δύνασθαι
αὐτὸν χειραγωγήσειν ἐπὶ παίδευσιν καὶ ἀρετὴν, ἐπιδι δόντος δὲ τούτου ὁ παιδεύων ἐπαγγέλλεται ἐξελεῖν τὴν ἀπαιδευσίαν καὶ ἐνθήσειν
παιδείαν, οὐχ ὡς οὐδενὸς ὄντος εἰς τὸ παιδευθῆναι καὶ φυγεῖν τὴν ἀπαιδευσίαν ἐπὶ τῷ ἑαυτὸν προσαγηοχότι θεραπευθησόμενον,
ἀλλ' ὡς ἐπαγ γελλόμενος βελτιώσειν τὸν βουλόμενον· οὕτως ὁ θεῖος λόγος ἐπαγγέλλεται τῶν προσιόντων τὴν κακίαν ἐξαιρεῖν, ἣν
ὠνόμασε λιθίνην καρδίαν, οὐχὶ ἐκείνων οὐ βουλομένων ἀλλ' ἑαυτοὺς τῷ ἰατρῷ τῶν καμνόντων παρεσχηκότων· ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς εὐαγγελίοις
εὑρίσκονται οἱ κάμνοντες προσ ερχόμενοι τῷ σωτῆρι καὶ ἀξιοῦντες ἰάσεως τυχεῖν καὶ θεραπευόμενοι. καὶ ἔστι φέρ' εἰπεῖν τὸ τοὺς
τυφλοὺς ἀναβλέψαι ἔργον, κατὰ μὲν τὸ ἠξιωκέναι πιστεύσαντας δύνασθαι θεραπεύεσθαι, τῶν πεπονθότων, κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἀποκατάστασιν
τῆς ὁράσεως, τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν. οὕτως οὖν ἐπαγγέλλεται ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐμποιήσειν ἐπιστήμην τοῖς προσιοῦσιν, ἐξελὼν τὴν λιθίνην
καὶ σκληρὰν καρδίαν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τὴν κακίαν, ὑπὲρ τοῦ τινα πορεύεσθαι ταῖς θείαις ἐντολαῖς καὶ φυλάσσειν τὰ θεῖα προστάγματα.
