John Chrysostom, On Matthew

showing them that, if they were negligent, they would suffer terrible, incurable things, and would not even have a hope of healing. For he who has come is not a servant, like those before; but the Master of all himself, inflicting a punishment both vehement and most mighty. But yet, having frightened them again, he does not let them fall into despair; but just as above he did not say, that He raised up, but that He is able to raise up children to Abraham, at once frightening and comforting; so also here he did not say, that it has touched the root, but that it is laid to and is near the root; and it shows no delay. But nevertheless, having brought it so near, he makes you masters of the cutting. For if you change and become better, this axe will depart having done nothing; but if you persist in the same things, it will tear up the tree by the roots. For this very reason it neither stands away from the root, nor, though laid to it, does it cut; the one, that you may not become negligent, the other, that you may learn that it is possible even in a short time to be changed and saved. Wherefore also he increases the fear from every side, rousing them and pushing them toward repentance. For both the falling away from their forefathers, and the bringing in of others in their place, and the fact that the terrible things are at the doors, and that they will suffer incurable things, both of which he signified by the root and the axe, were sufficient to arouse even those who were exceedingly supine, and to make them full of anxiety. At any rate, Paul also, signifying this, said, that the Lord will make a short word upon the whole earth. But do not be afraid; or rather, be afraid, but do not despair. For you still have hope of change; for the decision is not final, nor has the axe come to cut; (since what hindered it from cutting when it was near the root?) but to make you better by this fear, and to prepare you to bring forth fruit. For this reason he added: Every tree therefore that does not bring forth good fruit is cut 57.196 down, and is cast into the fire. And when he says, Every, he once again casts out the preeminence that comes from noble birth. For even if you are a descendant of Abraham himself, he says, and even if you can count ten thousand patriarchs, you will suffer a double punishment, if you remain fruitless. From these words he both frightened tax-collectors and shook the mind of the soldier, neither casting them into despair, and delivering them from all negligence. For along with the fear, what was said also has much comfort. For by saying, That does not bring forth good fruit, he showed that the one that does bring forth fruit is delivered from all punishment. 4. And how shall we be able, he says, to bring forth fruit, with the cutting imminent, and the time being so short, and the deadline being shortened? You will be able, he says; for this fruit is not like that of trees, awaiting a long time, and being a slave to the necessities of seasons, and needing much other effort; but it is enough to be willing, and the tree immediately sprouts. For not only the nature of the root, but also the skill of the farmer contributes the greatest things toward such fruit-bearing. For this very reason, so that they might not say these things, that "You are disturbing us, and hurrying us, and pressuring us, by both applying an axe, and threatening cutting, and demanding revenues in a time of punishment," he added, showing the ease of fruit-bearing: I indeed baptize you in water; but he who is coming after me is mightier than I, whose sandal strap I am not worthy to loose; he will baptize you in the Holy Spirit and fire; by these things showing that it requires only intention and faith, not toils and sweats; and just as it is easy to be baptized, so it is easy to be changed and become better. Having shaken their minds, therefore, with the fear of judgment, and with the expectation of punishment, and with the name of the axe, and with the rejection of their forefathers, and with the introduction of other children, and with the double punishment of being cut out and burned, and having softened their hardness from every side, and having brought them to a desire for deliverance from so many evils, then he introduces the word concerning Christ; and not simply, but with much superiority. Then, placing the difference between himself and that one, so that he might not seem to say this out of favor, this from the comparison of the things given by each

δεικνὺς αὐτοὺς, εἰ ῥᾳθυμήσαιεν, ἀνίατα πεισομένους δεινὰ, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐλπίδα ἕξοντας θεραπείας. Οὐδὲ γὰρ δοῦλός ἐστιν ὁ παραγενόμενος, ὡς οἱ πρότερον· ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ὁ τῶν ὅλων ∆εσπότης, σφοδρὰν ἐπάγων τὴν τιμωρίαν καὶ δυνατωτάτην. Ἀλλ' ὅμως καὶ φοβήσας πάλιν, οὐκ ἀφίησιν αὐτοὺς εἰς ἀπόγνωσιν ἐμπεσεῖν· ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ἀνωτέρω οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἤγειρεν, ἀλλ' ὅτι ∆ύναται ἐγεῖραι τέκνα τῷ Ἀβραὰμ, φοβῶν τε ὁμοῦ καὶ παραμυθούμενος· οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἥψατο τῆς ῥίζης, ἀλλ' ὅτι Ἐπίκειται καὶ ὁμιλεῖ τῇ ῥίζῃ· καὶ οὐδεμίαν ἀναβολὴν ἐνδείκνυται. Πλὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ οὕτως ἐγγὺς αὐτὴν ἀγαγὼν, ὑμᾶς κυρίους ποιεῖ τῆς τομῆς. Ἂν μὲν γὰρ μεταβάλησθε καὶ γένησθε βελτίους, ἀπελεύσεται μηδὲν ἐργασαμένη ἡ ἀξίνη αὕτη· ἂν δὲ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐπιμείνητε, πρόῤῥιζον ἀνασπάσει τὸ δένδρον. ∆ιά τοι τοῦτο οὔτε ἀφέστηκε τῆς ῥίζης, οὔτε ἐπικειμένη τέμνει, τὸ μὲν ἵνα μὴ ἀναπέσητε, τὸ δὲ ἵνα μάθητε, ὅτι δυνατὸν καὶ ἐν βραχεῖ χρόνῳ μεταβαλ[λ]ομένους σωθῆναι. ∆ιὸ καὶ πάντοθεν αὔξει τὸν φόβον, διεγείρων αὐτοὺς καὶ ὠθῶν πρὸς μετάνοιαν. Καὶ γὰρ τὸ τῶν προγόνων ἐκπεσεῖν, καὶ τὸ ἑτέρους ἀντεισαχθῆναι, καὶ τὸ ἐπὶ θύραις εἶναι τὰ δεινὰ, καὶ τὸ ἀνήκεστα πείσεσθαι, ἅπερ ἀμφότερα διὰ τῆς ῥίζης καὶ τῆς ἀξίνης ἐδήλωσεν, ἱκανὰ ἦν καὶ τοὺς σφόδρα ἀναπεπτωκότας διαναστῆσαι, καὶ ἐναγωνίους ἐργάσασθαι. Τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ ὁ Παῦλος δηλῶν ἔλεγεν, ὅτι Λόγον συντετμημένον ποιήσει Κύριος ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην. Ἀλλὰ μὴ φοβηθῇς· μᾶλλον δὲ φοβήθητι μὲν, μὴ ἀπογνῷς δέ. Ἔτι γὰρ ἔχεις ἐλπίδα μεταβολῆς· οὐ γὰρ αὐτοτελὴς ἡ ἀπόφασις, οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τὸ τέμνειν ἡ ἀξίνη ἦλθεν· (ἐπεὶ τί ἐκώλυεν αὐτὴν τεμεῖν ὁμιλοῦσαν τῇ ῥίζῃ;) ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τό σε τῷ φόβῳ τούτῳ ποιῆσαι βελτίονα, καὶ παρασκευάσαι καρπὸν ἐνεγκεῖν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἐπήγαγε· Πᾶν οὖν δένδρον μὴ ποιοῦν καρπὸν καλὸν, ἐκκό 57.196 πτεται, καὶ εἰς πῦρ βάλλεται. Ὅταν δὲ εἴπῃ, Πᾶν, ἐκβάλλει πάλιν τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς εὐγενείας προεδρίαν. Κἂν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ ἔκγονος ᾖς, φησὶν, κἂν μυρίους ἔχῃς ἀριθμεῖν πατριάρχας, διπλῆν ὑποστήσῃ τὴν κόλασιν, ἄκαρπος μένων. Ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν ῥημάτων καὶ τελώνας ἐφόβησε, καὶ στρατιωτικὴν διάνοιαν κατέσεισεν, οὔτε εἰς ἀπόγνωσιν ἐμβαλὼν, καὶ ῥᾳθυμίας ἀπαλλάττων ἁπάσης. Μετὰ γὰρ τοῦ φόβου καὶ πολλὴν παράκλησιν ἔχει τὸ εἰρημένον. Τῷ γὰρ εἰπεῖν, Μὴ ποιοῦν καρπὸν καλὸν, ἔδειξεν ὅτι τὸ ποιοῦν καρπὸν πάσης ἀπήλλακται τιμωρίας. δʹ. Καὶ πῶς δυνησόμεθα, φησὶ, ποιῆσαι καρπὸν, τῆς τομῆς ἐπικειμένης, καὶ τοῦ χρόνου οὕτως στενοῦ ὄντος, καὶ τῆς προθεσμίας συντετμημένης; ∆υνήσῃ, φησίν· οὐ γὰρ τοιοῦτος οὗτος ὁ καρπὸς, οἷος ὁ τῶν δένδρων, χρόνον ἀναμένων πολὺν, καὶ ὡρῶν ἀνάγκαις δουλεύων, καὶ πολλῆς ἑτέρας δεόμενος πραγματείας· ἀλλ' ἀρκεῖ θελῆσαι, καὶ τὸ δένδρον εὐθέως ἐβλάστησεν. Οὐ γὰρ ἡ φύσις τῆς ῥίζης μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ τέχνη τοῦ γεωργοῦ πρὸς τὴν τοιαύτην τὰ μέγιστα συντελεῖ καρποφορίαν. ∆ιὰ γάρ τοι τοῦτο, ἵνα μὴ ταῦτα λέγωσιν, ὅτι Θορυβεῖς ἡμᾶς, καὶ κατεπείγεις, καὶ ἄγχεις, ἀξίνην τε ἐπιτιθεὶς, καὶ τομὴν ἀπειλῶν, καὶ προσόδους ἐν καιρῷ τιμωρίας αἰτῶν, ἐπήγαγε, δεικνὺς τὴν εὐκολίαν τῆς καρποφορίας· Ἐγὼ μὲν ὑμᾶς βαπτίζω ἐν ὕδατι· ὁ δὲ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος, ἰσχυρότερός μου ἐστίν, οὗ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἄξιος τὸν ἱμάντα τοῦ ὑποδήματος λῦσαι· αὐτὸς ὑμᾶς βαπτίσει ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί· διὰ τούτων δεικνὺς, ὅτι γνώμης μόνον δεῖται καὶ πίστεως, οὐ πόνων καὶ ἱδρώτων· καὶ ὥσπερ εὔκολον βαπτισθῆναι, οὕτως εὔκολον μεταβληθῆναι καὶ γενέσθαι ἀμείνους. Κατασείσας τοίνυν αὐτῶν τὴν διάνοιαν τῷ φόβῳ τῆς κρίσεως, καὶ τῇ προσδοκίᾳ τῆς κολάσεως, καὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τῆς ἀξίνης, καὶ τῇ ἀποβολῇ τῶν προγόνων, καὶ τῇ εἰσαγωγῇ τῶν ἑτέρων τέκνων, καὶ τῇ διπλῇ τιμωρίᾳ τῆς ἐκτομῆς καὶ τοῦ ἐμπρησμοῦ, καὶ πάντοθεν αὐτῶν καταμαλάξας τὸ σκληρὸν, καὶ καταστήσας εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν τῆς ἀπαλλαγῆς τῶν τοσούτων κακῶν, τότε εἰσάγει τὸν περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ λόγον· καὶ οὐχ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς ὑπεροχῆς. Εἶτα τὸ μέσον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκείνου τιθεὶς, ἵνα μὴ δόξῃ χαριζόμενος τοῦτο λέγειν, ἀπὸ τῆς συγκρίσεως τῶν παρ' ἑκατέρου διδομένων τοῦτο