Chap. XXII.—Of the Precepts of Plato, and Censures of the Same.

It remains that the community of which we have spoken admits of nothing else but adulteries and lusts, for the utter extinction of which virtue is especially necessary. Therefore he did not find the concord which he sought, because he did not see whence it arises. For justice has no weight in outward circumstances, not even in the body,440    The Stoics not only regarded accidental things, but also our bodies themselves, as being without us.   but it is altogether employed on the mind of man. He, therefore, who wishes to place men on an equality, ought not to take away marriage and wealth, but arrogance, pride, and haughtiness, that those who are powerful and lifted up on high may know that they are on a level even with the most needy. For insolence and injustice being taken from the rich, it will make no difference whether some are rich and others poor, since they will be equal in spirit, and nothing but reverence towards God can produce this result. He thought, therefore, that he had found justice, whereas he had altogether removed it, because it ought not to be a community of perishable things, but of minds. For if justice is the mother441    Justice comprises within herself all the virtues. And thus Aristotle calls her the mother of the other virtues, because she cherishes as it were in her bosom all the rest.   of all virtues, when they are severally taken away, it is also itself overthrown. But Plato took away above all things frugality, which has no existence when there is no property of one’s own which can be possessed; he took away abstinence, since there will be nothing belonging to another from which one can abstain; he took away temperance and chastity, which are the greatest virtues in each sex; he took away self-respect, shame, and modesty, if those things which are accustomed to be judged base and disgraceful begin to be accounted honourable and lawful. Thus, while he wishes to confer virtue upon all, he takes it away from all. For the ownership of property contains the material both of vices and of virtues, but a community of goods contains nothing else than the licentiousness of vices. For men who have many mistresses can be called nothing else than luxurious and prodigal. And likewise women who are in the possession of many men, must of necessity be not adulteresses, because they have no fixed marriage, but prostitutes and harlots. Therefore he reduced human life, I do not say to the likeness of dumb animals, but of the herds and brutes. For almost all the birds contract marriages, and are united in pairs, and defend their nests, as though their marriage-beds, with harmonious mind, and cherish their own young, because they are well known to them; and if you put others in their way, they repel them. But this wise man, contrary to the custom of men, and contrary to nature, chose more foolish objects of imitation; and since he saw that the duties of males and females were not separated in the case of other animals, he thought that women also ought to engage in warfare, and take a share in the public counsels, and undertake magistracies, and assume commands. And therefore he assigned to them horses and arms: it follows that he should have assigned to men wool and the loom, and the carrying of infants. Nor did he see the impossibility of what he said, from the fact that no nation has existed in the world so foolish or so vain as to live in this manner.442    [This caustic review of Plato is painfully just. Alas! that such opprobria should be incapable of reply.]    

CAPUT XXII De Platonis praeceptis, iisdemque reprehensis.

Restat ut communio ista nihil aliud habeat, praeter adulteria, et libidines; propter quas funditus eruendas, virtus est vel maxime necessaria. Itaque non 0419C invenit concordiam, quam quaerebat; quia non videbat, unde oriatur. Nam justitia in extrapositis nihil 0420A momenti habet, ne in corpore quidem: sed tota in hominis mente versatur. Qui ergo vult homines adaequare, non matrimonia, non opes subtrahere debet; sed arrogantiam, superbiam, tumorem, ut illi potentes et elati pares esse se etiam mendicissimis sciant. Detracta enim divitibus insolentia et iniquitate, nihil intererit utrumne alii divites, alii pauperes sint, cum animi pares fuerint; quod efficere nulla res alia praeter religionem Dei potest. Putavit igitur se invenisse justitiam, cum eam prorsus everterit; quia non rerum fragilium, sed mentium debet esset communitas. Nam si justitia virtutum omnium mater est, cum illae singulae tolluntur, ipsa subvertitur. Tulit autem Plato ante omnia frugalitatem: quae utique nulla est, ubi proprii nihil 0420B habeatur. Tulit abstinentiam: siquidem nihil fuerit, quod abstineatur, alienum. Tulit temperantiam, tulit castitatem; quae virtutes in utroque sexu maximae sunt. Tulit verecundiam, pudorem, modestiam, si honesta et legitima esse incipiunt, quae solent flagitiosa et turpia judicari. Sic virtutem dum vult omnibus dare, omnibus adimit. Nam rerum proprietas, et vitiorum, et virtutum materiam continet: communitas autem nihil aliud, quam vitiorum licentiam. Nam viri, qui multas mulieres habent, nihil aliud dici possunt, quam luxuriosi ac nepotes. Item mulieres, quae a multis habentur, non utique adulterae, quia certum matrimonium nullum est, sed prostitutae ac meretrices sint necesse est.

Redegit ergo humanam vitam ad similitudinem, 0420C non dicam mutorum, sed pecudum ac belluarum. Nam volucres pene omnes faciunt matrimonia, et 0421A paria junguntur, 0421A et nidos suos tamquam geniales toros concordi mente defendunt; et foetus suos, quia certi sunt, amant; et si alienos objeceris, abigunt. At homo sapiens contra morem hominum, contraque naturam, stultiora sibi, quae imitaretur, elegit. Et quoniam videbat in caeteris animalibus officia marium foeminarumque non esse divisa, existimavit oportere etiam mulieres militare, et consiliis publicis interesse, et magistratus gerere, et imperia suscipere. Itaque his arma et equos assignavit: consequens est, ut lanam et telam viris, et infantium gestationes. Nec vidit impossibilia esse, quae diceret; ex eo quod adhuc in orbe terrae, neque tam stulta, neque tam vana ulla gens extiterit; quae hoc modo viveret.