John Chrysostom, On Matthew

he prepares. For he did not say immediately, I am not worthy to loose the latchet of His shoe, but first having set forth the humbleness of his own baptism, and having shown that it had nothing more than to lead them to repentance (for he did not say, with the water of remission, but of repentance), he also puts forward His, which is full of the unspeakable gift. For lest when you hear, he says, that He comes after me, you should despise Him as coming later, learn the power of His gift, and you will know clearly that I have said nothing worthy, nor anything great, in saying, I am not worthy to loose the latchet of His shoe. So that when you hear, He is mightier than I, do not think I have said this by way of comparison. For I am not worthy to be ranked among His slaves, not even among the least of His slaves, nor to undertake the humblest part of the ministry. For this reason he did not simply say, His shoes, but Not even the latchet; which seemed to be the least of all things. Then, lest you think that what was said 57.197 is a matter of humility, he adds the proof from the facts: For He, he says, will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire. Do you see how great the wisdom of the Baptist is? For when he himself preaches, he says all the fearful things, and things that cast one into agony; but when he sends them to Him, the good things and those sufficient to win them back. For he does not bring forward the axe, nor the tree that is cut down and burned and cast into the fire, nor the wrath to come, but remission of sins, and removal of punishment, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption, and adoption, and brotherhood, and fellowship in the inheritance, and the abundant supply of the Holy Spirit. For he hinted at all these things by saying: He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit; and by the very metaphor of the word showing the abundance of grace; for he did not say, He will give you the Holy Spirit, but, He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit; and by the added explanation of fire again indicating the vehemence and irrepressibility of grace. 5. Consider then what the hearers were likely to become, when they reckoned that they would suddenly be according to the prophets, and according to those great men. For this is why he also mentioned fire, in order to lead them to the recollection of those men. For nearly all the visions that appeared to them, the greater part appeared through fire; thus God spoke to Moses in the bush; thus to all the people on Mount Sinai; thus to Ezekiel upon the Cherubim. But see how he also rouses the hearer, by first setting forth that which was to happen after everything else. For the Lamb had to be slain, and sin to be done away, and enmity to be destroyed, and the burial and the resurrection to take place, and then for the Spirit to come. But he says none of these things for the time being; but first the last thing, and that for which all those things happened, and which was most sufficient to proclaim His worth; so that when the hearer hears that he will receive so great a Spirit, he may ask himself how and in what way this will be, when sin has such dominion; so that having found him anxious, and prepared for hearing, he might thus introduce the discourse about the passion, with no one being scandalized any longer by the expectation of such a gift. Wherefore he cried out again, saying: Behold the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world. He did not say, Who forgives, but what showed greater care, Who takes away. For it is not the same to simply forgive, and to take it upon oneself. For the one happened without danger, the other with death. And again he said that He is the Son of God. But not even this made His worth plain to the hearers. For they did not yet know to understand Him as the genuine Son; but from so great a gift of the Spirit, that also was established. For this reason indeed the Father, when sending John, gave him this first as a sign of the worth of the one who had come, saying: Upon whom you see the Spirit descending and remaining, this is He who baptizes with the Holy Spirit. Wherefore he himself says: I have seen and have testified that this is the Son of God; as from this, that also was henceforth clearly 57.198 established. Then, since he had said the good things, and had relaxed the hearer and put him at ease, he tightens the rein again, so that

κατασκευάζει. Οὐ γὰρ εὐθέως εἶπεν, Οὐκ εἰμὶ ἄξιος αὐτοῦ λῦσαι τὸν ἱμάντα τοῦ ὑποδήματος, ἀλλὰ πρότερον τὸ εὐτελὲς τοῦ βαπτίσματος τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ θεὶς, καὶ δείξας ὡς οὐδὲν πλέον ἔχει τοῦ πρὸς μετάνοιαν αὐτοὺς ἀγαγεῖν (οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ὕδατι ἀφέσεως, ἀλλὰ Μετανοίας), τίθησι καὶ τὸ αὐτοῦ τὸ τῆς ἀφάτου δωρεᾶς γέμον. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ ἀκούσας, φησὶν, ὅτι μετ' ἐμὲ ἔρχεται, καταφρονήσῃς αὐτοῦ ὡς ὑστέρου παραγενομένου, μάθε αὐτοῦ τῆς δωρεᾶς τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ εἴσῃ σαφῶς, ὅτι οὐδὲν ἄξιον εἴρηκα, οὐδὲ μέγα, εἰπὼν, Οὐκ εἰμὶ ἄξιος λῦσαι τὸν ἱμάντα τοῦ ὑποδήματος. Ὥστε ὅταν ἀκούσῃς, ὅτι Ἰσχυρότερός μου ἐστὶ, μὴ νομίσῃς κατὰ σύγκρισίν με τοῦτο εἰρηκέναι. Οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰς δούλους ἄξιός εἰμι τάττεσθαι ἐκείνου, οὐδὲ εἰς δούλους ἐσχάτους, οὐδὲ τὸ εὐτελὲς τῆς διακονίας ἀναδέξασθαι μέρος. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὐχ ἁπλῶς εἶπε, Τὰ ὑποδήματα, ἀλλ' Οὐδὲ τὸν ἱμάντα· ὅπερ ἔσχατον πάντων ἐδόκει εἶναι. Εἶτα, ἵνα μὴ νομίσῃς ταπεινοφροσύνης 57.197 εἶναι τὰ εἰρημένα, ἐπάγει καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων ἀπόδειξιν· Ἐκεῖνος γὰρ ὑμᾶς, φησὶ, βαπτίσει ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί. Εἶδες πόση τοῦ Βαπτιστοῦ ἡ σοφία; Ὅταν γὰρ αὐτὸς κηρύττῃ, τὰ φοβερὰ πάντα λέγει, καὶ ἀγωνίαν ἐμβάλλοντα· ὅταν δὲ πρὸς ἐκεῖνον πέμπῃ, τὰ χρηστὰ καὶ ἀνακτήσασθαι ἱκανά. Οὐ γὰρ τὴν ἀξίνην, οὐδὲ τὸ δένδρον τὸ ἐκκοπτόμενον καὶ καιόμενον καὶ εἰς πῦρ βαλλόμενον, οὔτε τὴν μέλλουσαν ὀργὴν εἰς μέσον ἄγει, ἀλλ' ἁμαρτημάτων ἄφεσιν, καὶ τιμωρίας ἀναίρεσιν, καὶ δικαιοσύνην, καὶ ἁγιασμὸν, καὶ ἀπολύτρωσιν, καὶ υἱοθεσίαν, καὶ ἀδελφότητα, καὶ κληρονομίας κοινωνίαν, καὶ Πνεύματος ἁγίου δαψιλῆ χορηγίαν. Ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα ᾐνίξατο εἰπών· Βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ· καὶ αὐτῇ τῇ μεταφορᾷ τῆς λέξεως τὸ δαψιλὲς τῆς χάριτος ἐμφαίνων· οὐ γὰρ εἶπε, ∆ώσει ὑμῖν Πνεῦμα ἅγιον, ἀλλὰ, Βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ· καὶ τῇ ἐπεξηγήσει τοῦ πυρὸς πάλιν τὸ σφοδρὸν καὶ ἀκάθεκτον τῆς χάριτος ἐνδεικνύμενος. εʹ. Ἐννόησον γοῦν τίνας εἰκὸς ἦν γενέσθαι τοὺς ἀκούοντας, λογιζομένους ὅτι κατὰ τοὺς προφήτας ἀθρόον ἔσονται, καὶ κατὰ τοὺς μεγάλους ἐκείνους. ∆ιὰ γάρ τοι τοῦτο καὶ πυρὸς ἐμνημόνευσεν, ἵνα εἰς ἔννοιαν αὐτοὺς τῆς μνήμης ἐκείνων ἀγάγῃ. Καὶ γὰρ ὅσαι σχεδὸν αὐτοῖς ὄψεις ἐφάνησαν, αἱ πλείους διὰ πυρὸς ἐφάνησαν· οὕτω τῷ Μωϋσῇ διελέχθη ἐν τῇ βάτῳ ὁ Θεός· οὕτω τῷ δήμῳ παντὶ ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σινᾶ· οὕτω τῷ Ἰεζεκιὴλ ἐπὶ τῶν Χερουβίμ. Σκόπει δὲ πῶς καὶ διεγείρει τὸν ἀκροατὴν, πρότερον μὲν θεὶς ὃ μετὰ πάντα ἔμελλε γίνεσθαι. Ἔδει γὰρ σφαγῆναι τὸν Ἀμνὸν, καὶ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἀφανισθῆναι, καὶ καταλυθῆναι τὴν ἔχθραν, καὶ τὴν ταφὴν γενέσθαι καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν, καὶ τότε τὸ Πνεῦμα παραγενέσθαι. Ἀλλὰ τούτων οὐδὲν λέγει τέως· ἀλλὰ πρῶτον τὸ τελευταῖον, καὶ δι' ὃ πάντα ἐκεῖνα ἐγίνετο, καὶ ὃ μάλιστα ἱκανὸν ἦν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀξίαν κηρῦξαι· ἵν' ὅταν ἀκούσῃ ὁ ἀκροατὴς, ὅτι Πνεῦμα λήψεται τοσοῦτον, ζητῇ πρὸς ἑαυτὸν, πῶς καὶ τίνι τρόπῳ τοῦτο ἔσται, τῆς ἁμαρτίας οὕτω κρατούσης· ἵνα λαβὼν αὐτὸν μεμεριμνημένον, καὶ ἐμπαράσκευον πρὸς τὴν ἀκρόασιν, οὕτω τὸν περὶ τοῦ πάθους εἰσαγάγῃ λόγον, μηδενὸς λοιπὸν σκανδαλιζομένου τῇ προσδοκίᾳ τῆς τοιαύτης δωρεᾶς. ∆ιὸ πάλιν ἐβόα λέγων· Ἴδε ὁ Ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου. Οὐκ εἶπεν, Ὁ ἀφεὶς, ἀλλ' ὃ μείζονος ἦν κηδεμονίας, Ὁ αἴρων. Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἶσον ἀφεῖναι ἁπλῶς, καὶ αὐτὸν ἀναλαβεῖν. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἐξ ἀκινδύνου ἐγίνετο, τὸ δὲ μετὰ θανάτου. Καὶ πάλιν ἔλεγεν, ὅτι Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τοῦτο τρανὴν τοῖς ἀκούουσι τὴν ἀξίαν ἐδήλου. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ᾔδεσαν οὐδέπω γνήσιον αὐτὸν ἐννοεῖν Υἱόν· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς τοσαύτης τοῦ Πνεύματος δόσεως κἀκεῖνο συνίστατο. ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Πατὴρ πέμπων τὸν Ἰωάννην, τοῦτο αὐτῷ δεῖγμα πρῶτον τῆς τοῦ παραγενομένου δέδωκεν ἀξίας, εἰπών· Ἐφ' ὂν ἂν ἴδῃς τὸ Πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον καὶ μένον, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ βαπτίζων ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ. ∆ιὸ καὶ αὐτός φησιν· Ἐγὼ ἑώρακα καὶ μεμαρτύρηκα, ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ· ὡς ἀπὸ τούτου κἀκείνου λοιπὸν σαφῶς 57.198 συνισταμένου. Εἶτα, ἐπειδὴ τὰ χρηστὰ εἶπε, καὶ ἀνῆκε τὸν ἀκροατὴν καὶ ἐχάλασε, πάλιν ἐπισφίγγει, ὥστε