Gabala

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 Vicariate Apostolic of Gaboon

 Gabriel

 Brothers of Saint Gabriel

 Bl. Gabriel Possenti

 Gabriel Sionita

 Gad

 Gadara

 Agnolo, Giovanni, and Taddeo Gaddi

 Archdiocese of Gaeta

 Ivan Sergejewitch Gagarin

 Achille Gagliardi

 William Gahan

 Claude Ferdinand Gaillard

 St. Gal

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 Valerius Maximianus Galerius

 Joseph Galien

 Galilee

 Alessandro Galilei

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 Elizabeth Galitzin

 St. Gall

 Abbey of St. Gall

 St. Galla

 Vicariate Apostolic of Galla

 Louis Gallait

 Antoine Galland

 Andrea Gallandi

 Diocese of Galle

 Juan Nicasio Gallego

 Pietro Luigi Galletti

 Gallia Christiana

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 Adele Amalie Gallitzin

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 Pasquale Galluppi

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 Bernhard Galura

 Luigi Galvani

 Diocese of Galveston

 Diocese of Galway and Kilmacduagh

 Vasco da Gama

 Gamaliel

 Jean Gamans

 Gambling

 Pius Bonifacius Gams

 Peter Gandolphy

 Gangra

 Diocese of Gap

 Anne García

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 Gabriel García Moreno

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 Aloisio Gardellini

 Stephen Gardiner

 Julius Peter Garesché

 Jean Garet

 Gargara

 André Garin

 Garland

 John Garland

 Ven. Nicholas Garlick

 François-Xavier Garneau

 Henry Garnet

 Ven. Thomas Garnet

 Charles Garnier

 Jean Garnier

 Julien Garnier

 Raffaele Garrucci

 Diocese of Garzon

 Bl. Gaspare del Bufalo

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 Jean-Joseph Gaume

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 Jean le Charlier de Gerson

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 Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de La Motte-Guyon

 Fernando Pérez de Guzmán

 Diocese of Györ

Garland


A wreath of flowers or evergreens formerly used in connection with baptismal, nuptial, and funeral rites, as well as in solemn processions. The earliest certain reference to the baptismal garland, as worn by neophytes, occurs in a seventh-century description of the Alexandrine ritual, written by the patriarch Severus, who says that, after the baptism and unction (i. e. confirmation), the priest administered Holy Communion, and crowned the newly-baptized with garlands. This custom was still observed at Alexandria in eighteenth century. A similar rite has also been inferred from a passage in the Gallican liturgy (baptizati et in Christo coronati), but more probably this expression is merely metaphorical. The bridal crown or wreath is said to be of pre-Christian Greek origin, adopted later by the Romans. Tertullian refers to it as a sign of paganism, but this prejudice was afterwards set aside, and it was in common use among Christians by the time of St. John Chrysostom. the bride and bridegroom were crowned to symbolize their victory over the temptations of the flesh. (For the continued use of garlands at the marriage ceremony during the early medieval period at Rome, see Duchesne, "Christian Worship", tr. London, 1903, 428-434.) The rite has been retained by the Greek Church, silver crowns taking the place of floral wreaths.

Funeral garlands were used in primitive times, in connection with the burial of virgins, and especially of virgin martyrs, to symbolize their victory, and by analogy they came also to be used for all martyrs. Hence they are constantly found represented in painting or sculpture, on the tombs of the early Christians. In later times a crown, consisting of a wooden hoop, with two half-circles crossing each other at right angles and covered with flowers and streaming ribbons, used to be carried before the bier of an unmarried woman, and afterwards suspended over or near to the grave. This custom was continued in England all through the middle ages and Reformation period, and it survives even now in certain remote places, especially in Devon and Cornwall. The iron hook upon which such wreaths were hung, in the seventeenth century, may still be seen in the south aisle of St. Alban's Abbey. In medieval times the clergy were wont to wear floral garlands or crowns on their heads, on the occasions of solemn processions. Stow mentions on at St. Paul's, London, when the dean and chapter "apparelled in copes and vestments, with garlands of roses on their heads, issued out at the west door" (Survey of London, ed. 1750); and in the inventories and church-wardens' accounts of many an English church, items of expenditure on similar ornaments occur. The same custom prevailed also in German, France and Italy. Martene (De Ant. Eccl. Rit., III, iv) mentions an illuminated missal belonging to a church a Melun, in which such floral garlands are pictured in a Corpus Christi procession, and the same is recorded at Angers, Laon, and elsewhere. According to Martene also, in certain places in France, a priest celebrating his first Mass was similarly decked, which custom still survives in certain parts of Germany and Bavaria. The term garland was also technically used to signify a crown of precious metal, often adorned with gems, made for the arrangement of natural or artificial flowers before the altar or sacred image at festival times.

ROCK, Church of our Fathers (London, 1849); WALCOTT, Sacred Archaeology (London, 1868); MARRIOTT in Dict. Christ. Antiq., s. v. Baptism; PLUMPTRE, ibid., s. v. Crowns for Brides; LEE, Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical Terms (London, 1877); SCANNELL (ed.) Catholic Dictionary (London, 1905), s. v. Marriage; LECLERCQ, Manuel d'Archéologie Chrétienne (Paris, 1907).

G. CYPRIAN ALSTON