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of the city and against the entire Roman empire. The city, at any rate, was barbarized by the great multitude, and all those in it were in the lot of captives. And so great was the danger hanging over the city, that even a very great comet appeared in the sky. Gainas, however, first attempted to make a seizure of the workshops; but when, a rumor having foretold the attack, they took care not to set out the silver on the tables, he proceeded to another plan. For in the middle of the night, he sends out a multitude of barbarians to burn the palace and the city. At which time indeed the providence of God was conspicuously shown for both the Roman empire and the city. For unexpectedly angels appeared to the attackers, in the form of hoplites, having great bodies; whom the enemies, suspecting to be a real, large, and brave army, were astounded and withdrew. But when this was reported to Gainas, it seemed unbelievable (for he knew that the main body of the Roman heavy infantry was not present, for it was established throughout the cities), he sends others again on the following night, and many times after this. And when the same things were reported to him having sent them on different occasions (for the angels always presented the same vision to those plotting), at last he himself, having come with a great multitude, makes a test of what had been heard; and suspecting it to be truly a multitude of soldiers, he pretends to be traveling to the martyr John, which was seven miles distant from the city, and the barbarians also went out with him, secretly carrying their arms. But when the guards of the gates tried to prevent them, the barbarians, having drawn their swords, dispatched those at the gates. From this, Gainas was revealed as an enemy; and all those around the city ran to the defense of the wall. But the emperor orders the barbarians left behind in the city to be killed. The soldiers, therefore, having joined battle with the enemies near the church of the Goths (for there the ones left behind had gathered), destroy them all, and they also set fire to the church itself. But Gainas, having learned that those who had not reached the gates were killed, and knowing that his encounters were no longer succeeding, having departed from the martyr's shrine, marched to the Thracian regions; and having seized the Chersonese, he hastened to cross over from it and seize Lampsacus, so that he might be able to gain control of the eastern parts. But as the emperor had anticipated him by sending a force by both land and sea, here again the wonders of God's providence were shown. For as the barbarians, having built rafts, were crossing over, and the Roman ships were present, the soldiers sailed easily in the transport ships, but the barbarians on the rafts were being destroyed, thrown out by the surge. And many were also destroyed by the Romans; and the greatest part of the enemies perished. But Gainas, having decamped through Thrace, and resorting to flight, falls in with a Roman force, and is killed along with the barbarians with him. Flavianus, therefore, having become the general of this war, advanced to the consular office, in which the young Theodosius was born to the emperor Arcadius. t191202 THEODOSIUS THE YOUNGER. 191 Exc. De virt.: That Theodosius the Younger, on account of the extreme youth of his age, was capable neither of thinking nor of fighting; but only provided signatures to those who wanted them, and especially to the eunuchs around the court. From which, so to speak, everyone's properties were seized. For some were disinherited while still living, others sent their wives to other men, and were violently deprived of their children, being unable to speak against the emperor's decrees. In these circumstances, then, were the affairs of the Romans. 192 Ibid.: That the emperor Theodosius, having bid farewell to games, changed his mind toward liberal studies, with both Paulinus and Placidus reading along with him; to whom he also granted great offices and authorities. 193 ibid.: That Theodosius the Younger, having been born into royalty, had nothing arrogant, but was so prudent, as to those who met him

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πόλεως καὶ κατὰ πάσης τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῆς. Βεβαρβάρωτο γοῦν ἡ πόλις ὑπὸ τοῦ πολλοῦ πλήθους, καὶ πάντες οἱ κατ' αὐτὴν ἐν αἰχμαλώτων μοίρᾳ ἐγένοντο. Τοσοῦτος δὲ ἦν ὁ ἐπικρεμασθεὶς τῇ πόλει κίνδυνος, ὡς καὶ κομήτην μέγιστον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ φανῆναι. Ὁ μέντοι Γαϊνὰς πρῶτον μὲν ἐπειράθη ἁρπαγὴν τῶν ἐργαστηρίων ποιήσασθαι· ὡς δὲ, τῆς φήμης προμηνυσάσης τὴν ἔφοδον, ἐφυλάξαντο προθεῖναι ἐν ταῖς τραπέζαις τὸν ἄργυρον, αὖθις ἐπὶ ἑτέραν ἐχώρει γνώμην. Νυκτὸς γὰρ ἐπιμεσούσης, ἐκπέμπει πλῆθος βαρβάρων ἐπὶ τῷ ἐμπρῆσαι τὰ βασίλεια καὶ τὴν πόλιν. Ὅτε δὴ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ περιφανῶς ἐδείχθη πρόνοια περί τε τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν πόλιν. Ἀπροόπτως γὰρ τοῖς ἐπελθοῦσιν ἐφάνησαν ἄγγελοι, ἐν σχήματι ὁπλιτῶν, μέγαλα ἔχοντες σώματα· οὓς ὑποτοπήσαντες οἱ πολέμιοι ἀληθῆ στρατὸν εἶναι πολὺν καὶ γενναῖον, καταπλαγέντες ὑπεχώρησαν. Ὡς δὲ ἀπαγγελθέντος τούτου Γαϊνᾷ, ἄπιστον κατεφαίνετο (ἠπίστατο γὰρ μὴ παρεῖναι τὸ πολὺ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ὁπλιτικὸν, κατὰ γὰρ τὰς πόλεις ἐνίδρυτο), πέμπει καὶ αὖθις ἑτέρους τῇ ἐχομένῃ νυκτὶ, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα πολλάκις. Ὡς δὲ καὶ διαφόρως ἀποστείλαντι τὰ αὐτὰ ἀπηγγέλλετο (ἀεὶ γὰρ τοῖς ἐπιβουλεύουσιν οἱ ἄγγελοι τὴν αὐτὴν παρεῖχον φαντασίαν), τέλος αὐτὸς σὺν πλήθει πολλῷ παρελθὼν πεῖραν τῶν ἀκουσθέντων λαμβάνει· ὑπονοήσας δὲ ἀληθῶς στρατιωτῶν εἶναι πλῆθος, ὑποκρίνεται ὡς ἐπὶ τὸν μάρτυρα Ἰωάννην ὁδεύειν, ὃς ζʹ σημείοις τῆς πόλεως ἀφειστήκει, συνεξῄεσαν δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ οἱ βάρβαροι, πὰ ὅπλα λαθραίως κομίζοντες. Ὡς δὲ οἱ φρουροὶ τῶν πυλῶν διεκώλυον, οἱ βάρβαροι τὰ ξίφη γυμνώσαντες, τοὺς ἐπὶ ταῖς πύλαις διεχειρίσαντο. Ἐντεῦθεν πολέμιος ἀπεδείχθη Γαϊνάς· καὶ οἱ μὲν περὶ τὴν πόλιν ἅπαντες πρὸς τὴν τείχους φυλακὴν διέθεον. Ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς κελεύει τοὺς ὑπολειφθέντας ἐν τῇ πόλει βαρβάρους ἀναιρεῖσθαι. Συμβαλόντες οὖν οἱ στρατιῶται τοῖς πολεμίοις περὶ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τῶν Γότθων (ἐνταῦθα γὰρ οἱ περιλειφθέντες ἠθροίσθησαν), διαφθείρουσιν ἅπαντας, ἐμπιπρῶσι δὲ καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν ἐκκλησίαν. Γαϊνὰς δὲ μαθὼν ἀνῃρῆσθαι τοὺς μὴ φθάσαντας τῶν πυλῶν, γνοὺς δὲ αὐτῷ μηκέτι προχωρεῖν τὰς ἀπαντήσεις, ἄρας ἀπὸ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, ἤλαυνεν ἐπὶ τὰ Θρᾴκια μέρη· καὶ καταλαβὼν τὴν Χερρόνησον, ἐξ αὐτῆς διαπεραιοῦσθαι καὶ καταλαμβάνειν τὴν Λάμψακον ἔσπευδεν, ὅπως ἂν τῶν ἑῴων κρατῆσαι δυνήσηται. Ὡς δὲ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἔφθη δύναμιν ἀποστείλας διά τε γῆς καὶ θαλάσσης, ἐνταῦθα πάλιν τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ προνοίας ἐδείκνυτο θαύματα. Ὡς γὰρ οἱ βάρβαροι σχεδίας συμπήξαντες ἐπεραιοῦντο, αἵ τε τῶν Ῥωμαίων νῆες παρῆσαν, οἱ μὲν στρατιῶται ῥᾳδίως ταῖς ὁλκάσι διέπλεον, οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι ἐν ταῖς σχεδίαις διώλλυντο ὑπὸ τοῦ κλύδωνος ἐκριπτούμενοι. Πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐφθείροντο· καὶ τὸ πλεῖστον τῶν πολεμίων ἀπώλετο. Γαϊνὰς δὲ ἀναζεύξας διὰ τῆς Θρᾴκης, καὶ φυγῇ χρησάμενος περιπίπτει Ῥωμαϊκῇ δυνάμει, καὶ ἀναιρεῖται ἅμα τοῖς σὺν αὐτῷ βαρβάροις. Φλαυιανὸς μὲν οὖν ὁ στρατηγὸς τοῦδε τοῦ πολέμου γενόμενος, ἐπὶ τὴν ὕπατον προῆλθεν ἀρχὴν, καθ' ἣν ἐτέχθη Ἀρκαδίῳ τῷ βασιλεῖ ὁ μικρὸς Θεοδόσιος. t191202 ΘΕΟ∆ΟΣΙΟΣ Ο ΝΕΟΣ. 191 Exc. De virt.: Ὅτι Θεοδόσιος ὁ νέος διὰ τὴν ἄγαν τῆς ἡλικίας νεότητα οὐδὲ πρὸς τὸ φρονεῖν, οὐδὲ πρὸς τὸ πολεμεῖν ἱκανὸς ἦν· ἀλλὰ μόνον ὑπογραφὰς τοῖς βουλομένοις παρεῖχε, μάλιστα δὲ τοῖς περὶ τὴν βασιλείαν εὐνούχοις. Ἐξ ὧν ἅπαντες, ὡς εἰπεῖν, τὰς οὐσίας ἡρπάζοντο. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἔτι ζῶντες ἐκληρονομοῦντο, οἱ δὲ τὰς γαμετὰς ἑτέροις παρέπεμπον, καὶ τέκνων ἐστηροῦντο βιαίως, ἀντιλέγειν τοῖς τοῦ βασιλέως διατάγμασιν οὐ δυνάμενοι. Ἐν τούτοις μὲν οὖν τὰ Ῥωμαίων ὑπῆρχεν. 192 Ibid.: Ὅτι Θεοδόσιος ὁ βασιλεὺς χαίρειν εἰπὼν τοῖς παιγνίοις, ἐπὶ λόγους ἐλευθέρους μετέβαλε τὴν γνώμην, Παυλίνου τε καὶ Πλακίτου συναναγιγνωσκόντων αὐτῷ· οἷς καὶ ἀρχὰς καὶ ἐξουσίας ἐχαρίσατο μεγάλας. 193 ιβιδ.: Ὅτι Θεοδόσιος ὁ νέος ἐν βασιλείᾳ τεχθεὶς οὐδὲν εἶχεν ὑπέρογκον, ἀλλ' οὕτως γέγονε φρόνιμος, ὡς τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι