John Chrysostom, On Matthew

to believe in the one who had done these things, that they also tried many times to kill him. If, therefore, seeing before their eyes the resurrection of the dead, they were so wicked, why are you surprised if they did not accept a voice coming from above? For when a soul is ungrateful and perverse, and possessed by the disease of envy, it yields to none of these things; just as, therefore, when it is grateful, it receives all things with faith, and does not greatly need these things. Therefore, do not say this, that they did not believe; but seek this, whether all things had not been done from which they ought to have believed. For through the prophet, on behalf of all things concerning himself, God composed this manner of defense. For since the Jews were about to perish and be handed over to the final punishment, so that no one might slander his providence on account of their wickedness, he says, "What more should I have done for this vineyard, that I did not do?" Consider this also here: what should have happened, that did not happen? And if ever discussions arise concerning the providence of God, use this manner of defense against those who attempt to slander it because of the wickedness of the many. See, then, what marvelous things are happening, and preludes of things to come; for no longer paradise, but heaven is opened. But let the discourse concerning the Jews be set aside for us for another time; but now, with God working with us, let us bring the discourse to the matters at hand. And when Jesus was baptized, he immediately came up from the water; and behold, the heavens were opened 57.205 to him. For what reason were the heavens opened? So that you may learn that this also happens when you are baptized, with God calling you to the fatherland above, and persuading you to have nothing in common with the earth. And if you do not see it, do not disbelieve. For indeed, in the beginnings of marvelous and spiritual things, sensible visions and such signs always appear, for the sake of those who are more simple-minded and need a sensible vision, being unable to grasp any concept of an incorporeal nature, but are only impressed by visible things; so that even if after this these things do not happen, you may accept by faith the things that were once revealed by them at the beginning. For in the case of the apostles, there came a sound of a rushing wind, and visions of fiery tongues appeared; but not for the apostles' sake, but for the sake of the Jews present then. But nevertheless, even if sensible signs do not occur, we accept the things once declared by them. Since for this reason the dove also appeared then, that as if by a finger it might point out to those present and to John the Son of God. And not only for this reason, but also that you may learn that the Spirit comes upon you also when you are baptized. 3. For the rest, we have no need of a sensible vision, since faith suffices for all things; for signs are not for believers, but for unbelievers. But why in the form of a dove? The creature is gentle and pure. Since, therefore, the Spirit is a spirit of meekness, for this reason he appears in this form. Moreover, it also reminds us of an ancient story. For when a common shipwreck once overtook the whole inhabited world, and our race was in danger of being destroyed, this creature appeared, and showed the end of the storm, and carrying an olive branch, it proclaimed the common peace of the inhabited world; all of which was a type of the things to come. For at that time, the affairs of men were in a much worse state, and they were worthy of a much greater punishment. So that you may not despair, it reminds you of that history. For then too, when matters were despaired of, there was a release and a correction; but then through punishment, now through grace and an ineffable gift. For this reason also the dove appears, not bearing an olive branch, but pointing out to us the one who liberates from all evils, and suggesting good hopes. For it does not lead one man out of an ark, but appearing, it leads the entire inhabited world up to heaven, and instead of an olive branch, it brings the adoption as sons to the common race of the inhabited world. Considering, therefore, the greatness of the gift, do not think its worth to be less because it appeared in such a form. For I hear some saying that as great as the distance is between a man and a dove,

πιστεῦσαι τῷ ταῦτα ἐργασαμένῳ, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸν ἀνελεῖν ἐπεχείρησαν πολλάκις. Εἰ τοίνυν πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν ὁρῶντες νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν, οὕτως ἦσαν πονηροὶ, τί θαυμάζεις, εἰ φωνὴν οὐκ ἐδέξαντο φερομένην ἄνωθεν; Ὅταν γὰρ ἀγνώμων ᾖ ψυχὴ καὶ διεστραμμένη, καὶ τῷ τῆς βασκανίας κατεχομένη νοσήματι, οὐδενὶ εἴκει τούτων· ὥσπερ οὖν ὅταν εὐγνώμων ᾖ, μετὰ πίστεως ἅπαντα δέχεται, καὶ τούτων οὐ σφόδρα δεῖται. Μὴ τοίνυν τοῦτο εἴπῃς, ὅτι οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν· ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνο ζήτει, εἰ μὴ πάντα γέγονεν, ἀφ' ὧν αὐτοὺς πιστεῦσαι ἐχρῆν. Καὶ γὰρ διὰ τοῦ προφήτου ὑπὲρ τῶν καθ' ἑαυτὸν ἁπάντων τοῦτον συντίθησι τὸν τρόπον τῆς ἀπολογίας ὁ Θεός. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀπόλλυσθαι ἔμελλον Ἰουδαῖοι, καὶ ἐσχάτῃ παραδίδοσθαι κολάσει, ἵνα μή τις ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκείνων πονηρίας τὴν αὐτοῦ διαβάλῃ πρόνοιαν, φησὶν, ὅτι Τί με ἔδει ποιῆσαι τῷ ἀμπελῶνι τούτῳ, καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησα; Τοῦτο δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα σκόπει· τί ἔδει γενέσθαι, καὶ οὐκ ἐγένετο; Καὶ εἴποτε δὲ λόγοι γίνοιντο περὶ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ προνοίας, τούτῳ κέχρησο τῷ τρόπῳ τῆς ἀπολογίας πρὸς τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν πολλῶν κακίας διαβάλλειν αὐτὴν ἐπιχειροῦντας. Ὅρα γοῦν οἷα παράδοξα γίνεται, καὶ τῶν μελλόντων προοίμια· οὐκέτι γὰρ παράδεισος, ἀλλ' οὐρανὸς ἀνοίγεται. Ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν πρὸς Ἰουδαίους λόγος, εἰς ἕτερον ἡμῖν ὑπερκείσθω καιρόν· νυνὶ δὲ, τοῦ Θεοῦ συνεργοῦντος ἡμῖν, ἐπὶ τὰ προκείμενα τὸν λόγον ἀγάγωμεν. Καὶ βαπτισθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς, εὐθὺς ἀνέβη ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος· καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀνεῴχθησαν 57.205 αὐτῷ οἱ οὐρανοί. Τίνος ἕνεκεν ἀνεῴχθησαν οἱ οὐρανοί; Ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι καὶ σοῦ βαπτιζομένου τοῦτο γίνεται, πρὸς τὴν ἄνω πατρίδα τοῦ Θεοῦ σε καλοῦντος, καὶ πείθοντος μηδὲν κοινὸν ἔχειν πρὸς τὴν γῆν. Εἰ δὲ μὴ ὁρᾷς, μὴ ἀπιστήσῃς. Καὶ γὰρ ἐν προοιμίοις ἀεὶ τῶν παραδόξων καὶ πνευματικῶν πραγμάτων αἰσθηταὶ φαίνονται ὄψεις καὶ σημεῖα τοιαῦτα, διὰ τοὺς ἀνοητότερον διακειμένους καὶ χρῄζοντας ὄψεως αἰσθητῆς, καὶ μηδεμίαν ἔννοιαν ἀσωμάτου φύσεως λαβεῖν δυναμένους, πρὸς δὲ τὰ ὁρατὰ μόνον ἐπτοημένους· ἵνα κἂν μετὰ ταῦτα μὴ γένηται ταῦτα τὰ ἐξ αὐτῶν δηλωθέντα ἅπαξ καὶ ἐν ἀρχῇ παραδέξῃ τῇ πίστει. Καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἦχος ἐγένετο πνοῆς βιαίας, καὶ ὄψεις γλωσσῶν πυρίνων ἐφάνησαν· ἀλλ' οὐ διὰ τοὺς ἀποστόλους, ἀλλὰ διὰ τοὺς παρόντας τότε Ἰουδαίους. Ἀλλ' ὅμως εἰ καὶ μὴ αἰσθητὰ γίνεται σημεῖα, τὰ ἐξ αὐτῶν δηλωθέντα ἅπαξ καταδεχόμεθα. Ἐπεὶ καὶ ἡ περιστερὰ διὰ τοῦτο τότε ἐφάνη, ἵν' ὥσπερ ἀντὶ δακτύλου τινὸς δείξῃ τοῖς παροῦσι καὶ τῷ Ἰωάννῃ τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ. Οὐ μόνον δὲ διὰ τοῦτο, ἀλλ' ἵνα καὶ σὺ μάθῃς, ὅτι καὶ ἐπὶ σὲ βαπτιζόμενον τὸ Πνεῦμα ἔρχεται. γʹ. Λοιπὸν δὲ ἡμῖν αἰσθητῆς οὐ χρεία ὄψεως, τῆς πίστεως ἀντὶ πάντων ἀρκούσης· τὰ γὰρ σημεῖα οὐ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἀπίστοις. ∆ιατί δὲ ἐν εἴδει περιστερᾶς; Ἥμερον τὸ ζῶον καὶ καθαρόν. Ἐπεὶ οὖν καὶ τὸ Πνεῦμα πραότητός ἐστι πνεῦμα, διὰ τοῦτο ἐν τούτῳ φαίνεται. Ἄλλως δὲ καὶ παλαιᾶς ἡμᾶς ἀναμιμνήσκει ἱστορίας. Καὶ γὰρ ναυαγίου ποτὲ κοινοῦ τὴν οἰκουμένην καταλαβόντος ἅπασαν, καὶ τοῦ γένους ἡμῶν κινδυνεύοντος ἀφανισθῆναι, τοῦτο ἐφάνη τὸ ζῶον, καὶ τὴν λύσιν τοῦ χειμῶνος ἔδειξε, καὶ κλάδον φέρον ἐλαίας, τὴν κοινὴν τῆς οἰκουμένης γαλήνην εὐηγγελίσατο· ἅπερ πάντα τύπος τῶν μελλόντων ἦν. Καὶ γὰρ τότε πολλῷ χεῖρον τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων διέκειτο, καὶ πολλῷ μείζονος ἄξιοι τιμωρίας ἦσαν. Ἵν' οὖν μὴ ἀπογνῷς, ἀναμιμνήσκει σε τῆς ἱστορίας ἐκείνης. Καὶ γὰρ τότε τῶν πραγμάτων ἀπογνωσθέντων, γέγονε λύσις τις καὶ διόρθωσις· ἀλλὰ τότε διὰ τιμωρίας, νῦν δὲ διὰ χάριτος καὶ δωρεᾶς ἀφάτου. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἡ περιστερὰ φαίνεται, οὐ κλάδον ἐλαίας φέρουσα, ἀλλὰ τὸν πάντων τῶν κακῶν ἐλευθερωτὴν ἡμῖν δεικνύουσα, καὶ χρηστὰς ὑποτείνουσα τὰς ἐλπίδας. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀπὸ κιβωτοῦ ἄνθρωπον ἐξάγει ἕνα, ἀλλὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνάγει φανεῖσα, καὶ ἀντὶ θαλλοῦ ἐλαίας τὴν υἱοθεσίαν τῷ κοινῷ τῆς οἰκουμένης κομίζει γένει. Ἐννοήσας τοίνυν τὸ μέγεθος τῆς δωρεᾶς, μηδὲ ἐλάττονα αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀξίαν νομίσῃς εἶναι, διὰ τὸ ἐν τοιαύτῃ φανῆναι ὄψει. Καὶ γὰρ ἀκούω τινῶν λεγόντων, ὅτι ὅσον ἀνθρώπου καὶ περιστερᾶς τὸ μέσον,