79

To put it another way, "progression" is the preliminary guidance into virtue of his disciples by the Apostle as teacher through practical philosophy; for the teacher must in everything go before his disciples toward the practice of their duties; "ascent" is the scientific comprehension of the principles in created things through natural contemplation, and "being taken up" is the pious, ineffable initiation into true and theological wisdom. And I suppose the "third heaven" to be, by conjecture, what circumscribes them, the loftiest principles defining practical philosophy, natural contemplation, and theological mystagogy, that is, their limits, since there is a certain measure of comprehension of virtue and nature and the theology based on both, fitted by God to each of the beings according to its nature, within which limits and boundaries the blessed Apostle was, having passed beyond the principles of the aforementioned things as far as possible. For if heaven is by nature a circumscription of the things contained within it, and a limit of all things under perception, it is clear that, according to the principle of anagogy, every cessation that circumscribes the principles concerning a certain virtue or knowledge, as a limit of the things being defined and a boundary of the things being circumscribed, is tropically called heaven.

Or again, perhaps Scripture says the "third heaven" is the (14∆_326> three orders of the holy angels above us, in ascending sequence, which perhaps Saint Paul reached, being initiated into their affirmations by the negations of the knowledges available to him, and imitating their states by the transcendent privations of his own. For every rational nature, according to its own order and power, is initiated into and imitates the cognitive states and positive affirmations of the essence and order above it by privation, through its own apophatic negations, and the affirmation in the knowledge of the higher things is the negation of the lower, and conversely, the negation in the knowledge of the lower is the affirmation of the higher, progressing apophatically up to the highest nature and order which is transcendently above all, which, after all orders and powers, the immediate negation concerning God in knowledge succeeds, being affirmed by absolutely none of the beings, since there is, therefore, no limit or boundary that comprehends this negation. For just as the intelligible is by nature the negation of the sensible, so too among the essences and powers that comprise the world above, the excellences of the first in the knowledge of God are negated by those after them because of their inferiority.

1241 For just as what we are unable to understand is intelligible to the holy angels above us, so also to the holy angels above them, the things not understood by the holy angels above them are intelligible, and so in succession, the principle, ascending and being exalted from power to power, and passing through all orders and powers, ends in what is ineffable and unintelligible and completely unknowable. If, therefore, according to Dionysius the Areopagite, negations concerning divine things are true, while affirmations are unsuited to the hiddenness of the ineffable, it is fitting that the divine Apostle, having negated the understanding of all knowledge available to him and having become above every (14∆_328> relation to beings, was, as he said, fittingly neither in the body, since he did not have his perception active, nor again out of the body, since he had his intellect inactive at the time of the rapture that happened to him, during which he, having inexpressibly and unknowingly received certain transcendent words by initiation, honored these with silence and kept them completely unutterable, as they could be neither understood by the mind, nor spoken by the tongue, nor received by hearing.

And, as those who have experience say, right faith and unadulterated fear of God produce the perfect practice in the aforementioned "progression" of virtue, while firm hope and unharmed understanding produce the unerring natural contemplation in the "ascent," and the

79

ἄλλως δέ φάναι, " πρόοδός" ἐστιν ἡ διά τῆς πρακτικῆς φιλοσοφίας ὡς διδασκάλου τοῦ Ἀποστόλου τῶν αὐτοῦ μαθητῶν εἰς ἀρετήν προκαθήγησις· δεῖ γάρ ἐν παντί προπορεύεσθαι τῶν μαθητῶν τόν διδάσκαλον, πρός τήν τῶν καθηκόντων ἐνέργειαν· "ἀνάβασις" δέ ἡ διά τῆς φυσικῆς θεωρίας ἐπιστημονική τῶν ἐν τοῖς οὖσι λόγων περίληψις, "ἀνάληψις" δέ ἡ εὐσεβής τῆς ἀληθοῦς καί θεολογικῆς σοφίας ἄῤῥητος μύησις. Τρίτον δέ οὐρανόν κατά στοχασμόν εἶναι νομίζω τούς περιγράφοντας, ὅρους τῆς τε πρακτικῆς φιλοσοφίας καί τῆς φυσικῆς θεωρίας, καί τῆς θεολογικῆς μυσταγωγίας τούς ὑψηλοτάτους λόγους, ἤτοι τά τούτων πέρατα, ἐπειδή μέτρον ἐστί τι καταλήψεως ἀρετῆς καί φύσεως καί τῆς ἐπ' ἀμφοῖν θεολογίας, ἀναλόγως κατά φύσιν ἑκάστῳ τῶν ὄντων παρά Θεοῦ προσηρμοσμένον, ἐν οἷς ὅροις καί πέρασιν ὁ μακάριος Ἀπόστολος τούς τῶν εἰρημένων κατα τό ἐφικτόν παρελθών λόγους ἐγένετο. Εἰ γάρ περιγραφή τῶν ἐντός διειλημμένων κατά φύσιν ἐστίν ὁ οὐρανός, καί ὅρος πάντων τῶν ὑπό αἴσθησιν, δηλονότι κατά τόν τῆς ἀναγωγῆς λόγον καί πᾶσα περιγράφουσα τούς περί τινος ἀρετῆς ἤ γνώσεως λόγους λῆξις, ὡς ὅρος τῶν ὁριζομένων, καί πέρας τῶν περιγεγραμμένων, τροπικῶς οὐρανός ὀνομάζεται.

Ἤ πάλιν "τρίτον οὐρανόν" εἶναι τυχόν φησιν ἡ Γραφή τάς (14∆_326> ὑπέρ ἡμᾶς πρός τό ἄνω καθ᾿ εἱρμόν τρεῖς τῶν ἁγίων ἀγγέλων τάξεις, ἅσπερ ἔφθασεν ἴσως ὁ ἅγιος Παῦλος, ταῖς τῶν κατ᾿ αὐτόν γνώσεων ἀποφάσεσι τῶν κατ᾿ ἐκείνους τάς καταφάσεις μυούμενος, καί ταῖς καθ᾿ ὑπεροχήν τῶν οἰκείων στερήσεσι τάς ἐκείνων ἕξεις μιμούμενος. Πᾶσα γάρ φύσις τῶν λογικῶν κατά τήν ἑαυτῆς τάξιν καί δύναμιν τῆς ὑπέρ αὐτήν οὐσίας καί τάξεως τάς γνωστικάς ἔξεις τε καί θέσεις καταφάσεις στερητικῶς ταῖς κατ᾿ αὐτήν ἀφαιρετικαῖς ἀποφάσεσι μυεῖταί τε καί μιμεῖται, καί ἔστιν ἡ κατά τήν γνῶσιν τῶν ὑπερκειμένων κατάφασις τῶν ὑποβεβληκότων ἀπόφασις, καί ἔμπαλιν τῶν ὑποβεβληκυιῶν ἡ κατά τήν γνῶσιν ἀπόφασις τῶν ὑπερεχουσῶν κατάφασις, μέχρι τῆς πασῶν καθ᾿ ὑπεροχήν ἀνωτάτης φύσεώς τε καί τάξεως ἀποφατικῶς προοδεύουσα, ἥν μετά πάσας τάξεις τε καί δυνάμεις ἡ ἄμεσος περί Θεόν διαδέχεται κατά τήν γνῶσιν ἀπόφασις, ὑπ᾿ οὐδενός παντελῶς καταφασκομένη τῶν ὄντων, μή ὄντος λοιπόν ὅρου τινός ἤ πέρατος τοῦ ταύτην περιλαμβάνοντος τήν ἀπόφασιν. Ὥσπερ γάρ τῶν αἰσθητῶν κατά φύσιν ἀπόφασίς ἐστι τά νοητά, οὕτω καί ἐν ταῖς συμπληρούσαις τόν ἄνων κόσμον οὐσίαις τε καί δυνάμεσιν αἱ τῶν πρώτων κατά τήν περί Θεόν γνῶσιν ὑπεροχαί διά τήν ὕφεσιν ταῖς με᾿ αὐτάς ἀποφάσκονται.

1241 Ὡς γάρ ἅπερ ἡμεῖς νοεῖν οὐ δυνάμεθα, τοῖς ὑπέρ ἡμᾶς ἁγίοις ἀγγέλοις εἰσί νοητά, οὕτω καί τοῖς ὑπέρ αὐτούς ἁγίοις ἀγγέλοις τά μή νοούμενα τοῖς ὑπέρ αὐτούς ἁγίοις ἀγγέλοις εἰσί νοητά, καί οὕτω καθ᾿ ἑξῆς ἀπό δυνάμεως εἰς δύναμιν ἀναβαίνων ὁ λόγος καί ὑψούμενος, καί πάσας τάξεις τε καί δυνάμεις διαβαίνων, εἰς τό ἄῤῥητόν τε καί ἀνόητον λήγει καί παντελῶς ἄγνωστον. Εἰ τοίνυν κατά τόν Ἀρεοπαγίτην ∆ιονύσιον αἱ μέν ἀποφάσεις ἐπί τῶν θείων ἀληθεῖς, αἱ δέ καταφάσεις ἀνάρμοστοι τῇ κρυφιότητι τῶν ἀποῤῥήτων, εἰκότως ὁ θεσπέσιος Ἀπόστολος πασῶν τῶν κατ᾿ αὐτόν γνώσεως ἀποφήσας τήν νόησιν, καί πάσης ὑπεράνω (14∆_328> γενόμενος τῶν ὄντων σχέσεως, οὔτε ἐν σώματι, καθώς εἶπεν, εἰκότως ἦν, ἐνεργοῦσαν οὐκ ἔχων τήν αἴσθησιν, οὔτε ἐκτός αὖθις τοῦ σώματος, ἀργοῦσαν ἔχων τήν νόησιν κατά τόν καιρόν τῆς αὐτῷ γενομένης ἁρπαγῆς, καθ᾿ ἥν ἀφράστως τε καί ἀγνώστως τινά δεξάμενος κατά μύησιν ὑπερκόσμιον ῥήματα σιγῇ ταῦτα τιμήσας ἐφύλαξε παντελῶς ἀνέκφορα, ὡς μήτε νοῦ νοῆσαι, μήτε γλώσσης λαλῆσαι, μήτε ἀκοῆς αὐτά δέξασθαι δυναμένων.

Ποιεῖ δέ, καθώς οἱ πεπειραμένοι φασί, τήν μέν ἐν τῇ λεχθείσῃ "προόδῳ" τῆς ἀρετῆς τελείαν πρᾶξιν πίστις ὀρθή καί φόβος εἰς Θεόν ἀνόθευτος, τήν δέ κατά τήν ἀνάβασιν ἄπταιστον φυσικήν θεωρίαν ἐλπίς βεβαία καί ἀλώβητος σύνεσις, τήν δέ