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to barbarians, and simply to all who inhabit the earth, a useful book, being much greater than the multitude of those being taught. We have discoursed much concerning night and day, and of their good order, and of the rhythm kept by them with precision; much also concerning the choir of the seasons of the year, and of their equality. For just as the day does not have an advantage over the night of even half an hour throughout the entire year; so also have these equally divided all the days among themselves. But as I was saying before, that not only the size and the beauty of creation show the Creator, but also the very manner of its composition, and that the manner of the creation is a sequence beyond nature. For it was a consequence of nature for water to be borne above the earth; but now we see the opposite, the earth being supported by the waters. It was a consequence of nature for fire to run upward; but now we see the opposite: the rays of the sun turned downward toward the earth, and the waters being above the heavens and not slipping down, and the sun running from below and not being extinguished by the waters, nor destroying that moisture. In addition to these things, we have said that this universe is composed of four elements opposed to and at war with each other, and the one did not consume the other. 49.113 although they are destructive of one another. From which it is clear that some invisible power restrains them, and the will of God becomes a bond. I wish to dwell more on this subject today; but rouse yourselves, and attend to us with precision. And so that the wonder may become clearer, I will draw the teaching concerning these things from our own body. For our body, this short and small thing, is composed of four elements: of the heat of the blood, of the dryness of the yellow bile; and of the moisture of phlegm, and of the cold of the black bile. And let no one think this argument to be foreign to us; For the spiritual man judges all things, but he himself is judged by no one. So also Paul took up agricultural principles when discoursing to us about the resurrection, and says: Fool, what you sow is not made alive unless it dies. And if that blessed man used agricultural arguments, no one would blame us either for taking up medical concepts; for our discourse now is about the creation of God; and this foundation of concepts would be necessary for us. As I have already said, then, this body of ours is composed of four elements, and if one should rebel completely, death comes from this rebellion; for instance, when the bile is in excess, a fever is produced, and if it should prevail beyond measure, it brings on a very swift end; again, when the cold is in excess, paralysis and tremors and strokes and countless other diseases are produced; and in general every form of disease comes from the excess of these elements, when one, having transgressed its own boundaries, tyrannizes over the rest, and destroys all the symmetry. 49.113 Ask then the one who says that all things are automatic, and have come together of themselves. If this short and small body, though it enjoys medicines and the science of healing, and the soul within that governs it, and much philosophy, and countless other aids, is not able to remain always in good order, but is often destroyed and corrupted when a disturbance occurs within it; how could so great a world, having such masses of bodies, and being composed of the same elements, if it did not enjoy great providence, have remained undisturbed for so long a time? For it would not be reasonable, that our body, enjoying providence both from without and from within, is barely sufficient for its own constitution; while so great a world, enjoying no providence, has for so many years suffered nothing of the sort that our body does. For how has not one of these elements, tell me, transgressed its own boundaries, and consumed all the rest? and who brought them together from the beginning? who

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βαρβάροις, καὶ πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς τοῖς τὴν γῆν οἰκοῦσι χρήσιμον, βιβλίον πολὺ μεῖζον τοῦ πλήθους τῶν διδασκομένων ὄν. Πολλὰ καὶ περὶ νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας, καὶ τῆς τούτων εὐταξίας, καὶ τοῦ ῥυθμοῦ τοῦ μετὰ ἀκριβείας ὑπ' αὐτῶν φυλαττομένου διελέχθημεν· πολλὰ καὶ περὶ τοῦ χοροῦ τῶν ὡρῶν τοῦ ἔτους, καὶ τῆς τούτων ἰσότητος. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἡ ἡμέρα τῆς νυκτὸς οὐδὲ ἡμιώριον πλεονεκτεῖ κατὰ πάντα τὸν ἐνιαυτόν· οὕτω καὶ αὗται πρὸς ἀλλήλας ἐξ ἴσης τὰς ἡμέρας διενείμαντο πάσας. Ἀλλ' ὅπερ καὶ ἔμπροσθεν ἔλεγον, ὅτι οὐ τὸ μέγεθος καὶ τὸ κάλλος τῆς κτίσεως δείκνυσι τὸν ∆ημιουργὸν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ τρόπος αὐτὸς τῆς συμπήξεως, καὶ τὸ ὑπὲρ φύσεως ἀκολουθίαν εἶναι τῆς δημιουργίας τὸν τρόπον. Φύσεως μὲν γὰρ ἀκολουθία ἦν, τὸ ὕδωρ ὑπὲρ τὴν γῆν φέρεσθαι· νῦν δὲ τοὐναντίον ὁρῶμεν, τὴν γῆν ὑπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων βασταζομένην. Φύσεως ἦν ἀκολουθία, τὸ πῦρ ἄνω τρέχειν· νῦν δὲ τὸ ἐναντίον βλέπομεν κάτω πρὸς τὴν γῆν τετραμμένας τοῦ ἡλίου τὰς ἀκτῖνας, καὶ τὰ ὕδατα ὑπεράνω τῶν οὐρανῶν ὄντα, καὶ οὐ διολισθαίνοντα, καὶ τὸν ἥλιον κάτωθεν τρέχοντα, καὶ οὐδὲ σβεννύμενον ὑπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων, οὕτε ἀφανίζοντα τὴν νοτίδα ἐκείνην. Πρὸς τούτοις εἰρήκαμεν, ὅτι ἐκ τεττάρων στοιχείων τόδε τὸ πᾶν συνέστηκεν ἐναντίων ἀλλήλοις καὶ μαχομένων, καὶ θάτερον τὸ ἕτερον οὐ κατηνάλωσε. 49.113 καίτοιγε ἀλλήλων ὄντα ἀναλωτικά. Ὅθεν δῆλον, ὅτι δήναμίς τις ἀόρατος αὐτὰ χαλινοῖ, καὶ δεσμὸς γίνεται ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ βούλησις. Τούτῳ πλέον ἐνδιατρίψαι σήμερον βούλομαι τῷ λόγῳ· ἀλλὰ διανάστητε, καὶ προσέχετε μετ' ἀκριβείας ἡμῖν. Ὥστε δὲ σαφέστερον γενέσθαι τὸ θαῦμα, ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ ἡμετέρου τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν περὶ τούτων ποιήσομαι. Καὶ γὰρ τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἡμέτερον τὸ βραχὺ τοῦτο καὶ μικρὸν ἐκ τεττάρων συνέστηκε στοιχείων, θερμοῦ μὲν τοῦ αἵματος, ξηροῦ δὲ τῆς χολῆς τῆς ξανθῆς· καὶ ὑγροῦ μὲν τοῦ φλέγματος, ψυχροῦ δὲ τῆς μελαίνης χολῆς. Καὶ μή τις ἀλλότριον ἡμῶν εἶναι νομιζέτω τοῦτον τὸν λόγον· Ὁ γὰρ πνευματικὸς ἀνακρίνει μὲν τὰ πάντα, αὐτὸς δὲ ὑπ' οὐδενὸς ἀναπρίνεται. Οὕτω καὶ Παῦλος γεωργικῶν ἥψατο θεωρημάτων, περὶ ἀναστάσεως ἡμῖν διαλεγόμενος, καί φησιν· Ἄφρον, σὺ ὃ σπείρεις οὐ ζωοποιεῖται, ἐὰν μὴ ἀποθάνῃ. Εἰ δὲ ὁ μακάριος ἐκεῖνος τοὺς τῆς γεωργίας ἐκίνει λόγους, οὐδὲ ἡμῖν μέμψοιτό τις ἰατρικῶν ἁπτομένοις νοημάτων· περὶ γὰρ δημιουργίας Θεοῦ νῦν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος· καὶ ἀναγκαία γένοιτ' ἂν ἡμῖν αὕτη τῶν νοημάτων ἡ ὑπόθεσις. Ὅπερ οὖν ἔφθην εἰπὼν, ἐκ τεττάρων ἡμῖν στοιχείων τοῦτο τὸ σῶμα συνέστηκε, κἂν τὸ ἕτερον στασιάσῃ μέχρι παντὸς, θάνατος ἀπὸ τῆς στάσεως γίνεται ταύτης· οἷον τῆς χολῆς πλεοναζούσης, τίκτεται πυρετὸς, κἂν ἐπικρατήσῃ πέρα τοῦ μέτρου, ταχίστην ἐπάγει τὴν τελευτήν· πάλιν τοῦ ψυχροῦ πλεονάζοντος, παρέσεις καὶ τρόμοι καὶ ἀποπληξίαι καὶ μυρία ἕτερα νοσήματα τίκτεται· καὶ ὅλως ἑκάστη νοσημάτων ἰδέα ἀπὸ τῆς πλεονεξίας τῶν στοιχείων γίνεται τούτων, ὅταν τὸ ἕτερον τοὺς οἰκείους ὑπερβὰν ὄρους κατὰ τῶν λοιπῶν τυραννῇ, καὶ τὴν συμμετρίαν λυμήνηται πᾶσαν. 49.113 Ἐρώτησον τοίνυν τὸν λέγοντα αὐτόματα εἶναι τὰ πάντα, καὶ ἀφ' ἑαυτῶν συνεστάναι. Εἰ τὸ βραχὺ τοῦτο σῶμα καὶ μικρὸν, καὶ φαρμάκων ἀπολαῦον καὶ ἰατρικῆς ἐπιστήμης, καὶ τῆς διοικούσης αὐτὸ ψυχῆς ἔνδον, καὶ φιλοσοφίας πολλῆς, καὶ μυρίων ἑτέρων βοηθημάτων, οὐκ ἰσχύει διαπαντὸς ἐν εὐταξίᾳ μένειν, ἀλλ' ἀπόλλυται καὶ διαφθείρεται πολλάκις, ἐν αὐτῷ ταραχῆς γενομένης· πῶς ἂν ὁ τοσοῦτος κόσμος τοσούτους ὄγκους σωμάτων ἔχων, καὶ ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν συγκείμενος στοιχείων, εἰ μὴ πολλῆς ἀπήλαυσε προνοίας, ἔμεινεν ἂν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον χρόνον ἀτάραχος; Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ἔχοι λόγον, τὸ μὲν προνοίας ἀπολαῦον ἡμῶν σῶμα καὶ τῆς ἔξωθεν καὶ τῆς ἔνδοθεν, μόλις διαρκεῖν πρὸς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σύστασιν· τὸν δὲ τοσοῦτον κόσμον, μηδεμιᾶς ἀπολαύοντα προνοίας, ἐπὶ τοσαῦτα ἔτη μηδὲν τοιοῦτον παθεῖν, οἷον τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἡμέτερον. Πῶς γὰρ οὐδὲ ἓν τῶν στοιχείων τούτων, εἰπέ μοι, τοὺς οἰκείους ὑπερέβη ὅρους, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ κατηνάλωσεν ἅπαντα; τίς δὲ αὐτὰ συνήγαγεν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς; τίς