John Chrysostom, On Matthew

to luxury and drunkenness and a full table, but one must pay attention to fasting. For for this reason He Himself fasted, not needing it Himself, but to teach us. For since slavery to the belly had introduced the sins before the font; just as if someone, having made a sick person well, should command him not to do those things from which the sickness came; so indeed here He Himself also introduced fasting after the font. For the intemperance of the belly cast Adam out of paradise, and it brought about the flood in Noah’s time, and it brought down the thunderbolts on the people of Sodom. For even if the charge was of fornication, nevertheless the root of both punishments sprang from this; which Ezekiel also alluded to, saying: But this was the iniquity of Sodom, that in pride 57.210 and in fullness of bread, and in abundance they lived wantonly. Thus the Jews also wrought the greatest evils, having been driven from drunkenness and luxury to lawlessness. 2. For this reason, then, He Himself also fasts for forty days, showing us the medicines of salvation, and does not go further, so that the truth of the economy might not again be disbelieved because of the excess of the miracle. For now this would not have come to pass, since both Moses and Elijah before had the strength to reach such a length, being strengthened by the power of God. But if He had gone further, to many even from this the assumption of the flesh would have seemed unbelievable. Having fasted, therefore, for forty days and as many nights, He afterward was hungry; giving him an opportunity to approach, so that by engaging in combat He might show how one must overcome and be victorious. Thus indeed athletes also do; for teaching their own disciples to overcome and be victorious, they willingly engage with others in the wrestling grounds, providing for these to observe in the bodies of their opponents and to be taught the way of victory. Which indeed also happened then. For since He wished to draw him to this, He both made His hunger manifest to him, and received him when he approached, and having received him, once and twice and three times He threw him down with the ease befitting Him. But lest by running past these victories, we should mar your benefit, let us, beginning from the first assault, examine each with precision. For when he was hungry, it says, the tempter came and said to him: If You are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread. For since he heard a voice borne from above, saying: This is my beloved Son; and he also heard John testifying so many things concerning Him, and then saw Him hungry; he was henceforth at a loss, and could neither believe that He was a mere man, on account of what was said concerning Him; nor again, on the other hand, accept that He was the Son of God, on account of seeing Him hungry. Wherefore, being at a loss, he utters ambiguous words. And just as when he approached Adam at the beginning, he feigns things that are not, in order to learn the things that are; so indeed also here, not knowing clearly the secret mystery of the economy, and who the one present was, he attempts to weave other nets, by which he thought he would come to know what was hidden and unclear. And what does he say? If You are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread. He did not say, "Since you are hungry," but, "If You are the Son of God"; thinking to beguile Him with praises. Therefore he also kept silent about the hunger, lest he should seem to bring this up to Him and reproach Him. For not knowing the greatness of what was being dispensed, he considered this to be a shameful thing for Him. Therefore, flattering Him deceitfully, he mentions only His dignity. What then of Christ? Casting down his pride, and showing that what had happened was not worthy of shame, nor unworthy of His wisdom, that which the other had kept silent while flattering Him, He Himself brings forth and sets in the midst, saying: Man shall not live by bread alone. Whence he begins from the necessity of the belly. But consider for me the evil craft of that wicked demon, and from where he begins his wrestling holds, 57.211 and how he does not forget his own art. For from those things by which he cast out the first man, and entangled him in other evils, from these he also weaves his deceit here,

τρυφῇ καὶ μέθῃ καὶ τραπέζῃ πληθούσῃ, ἀλλὰ νηστείᾳ προσέχειν δεῖ. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὸς ἐνήστευσεν, οὐκ αὐτὸς ταύτης δεόμενος, ἀλλ' ἡμᾶς παιδεύων. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα τὰ πρὸ τοῦ λουτροῦ τὸ γαστρὶ δουλεύειν εἰσήγαγεν· ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις νοσοῦντα ὑγιῆ ποιήσας, κελεύοι μὴ ποιεῖν ἐκεῖνα, ἐξ ὧν ἡ νόσος γέγονεν· οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα καὶ αὐτὸς μετὰ τὸ λουτρὸν νηστείαν εἰσήγαγε. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τὸν Ἀδὰμ ἡ ἀκρασία τῆς γαστρὸς ἐξέβαλε τοῦ παραδείσου, καὶ τὸν κατακλυσμὸν τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ Νῶε αὕτη πεποίηκε, καὶ τοὺς Σοδόμων κεραυνοὺς αὕτη κατήγαγεν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ πορνείας ἔγκλημα ἦν, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἑκατέρας τῆς κολάσεως ἡ ῥίζα ἐντεῦθεν ἐφύη· ὅπερ καὶ ὁ Ἰεζεκιὴλ αἰνιττόμενος ἔλεγε· Πλὴν τοῦτο τὸ ἀνόμημα Σοδόμων, ὅτι ἐν ὑπερηφανίᾳ 57.210 καὶ ἐν πλησμονῇ ἄρτων, καὶ ἐν εὐθηνίαις ἐσπατάλων. Οὕτω καὶ Ἰουδαῖοι τὰ μέγιστα εἰργάσαντο κακὰ, ἀπὸ τῆς μέθης καὶ τῆς τρυφῆς ἐπὶ τὴν ἀνομίαν ἐξοκείλαντες. βʹ. ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὸς νηστεύει τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας, ἡμῖν τὰ φάρμακα τῆς σωτηρίας δεικνὺς, καὶ οὐ προέρχεται περαιτέρω, ὥστε μὴ πάλιν τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τοῦ θαύματος ἀπιστηθῆναι τῆς οἰκονομίας τὴν ἀλήθειαν. Νῦν μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἂν τοῦτο ἐγένετο, ἐπειδὴ καὶ Μωϋσῆς καὶ Ἠλίας προλαβόντες εἰς τοσοῦτον ἴσχυσαν ἐξελθεῖν μῆκος, τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ κραταιούμενοι δυνάμει. Εἰ δὲ περαιτέρω προέβη, πολλοῖς ἂν καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἄπιστος ἔδοξεν εἶναι ἡ τῆς σαρκὸς ἀνάληψις. Νηστεύσας τοίνυν τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ νύκτας τοσαύτας, Ὕστερον ἐπείνασε· λαβὴν αὐτῷ παρέχων εἰς τὸ προσελθεῖν, ἵνα συμπλακεὶς δείξῃ πῶς δεῖ περιγίνεσθαι καὶ νικᾷν. Οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἀθληταὶ ποιοῦσι· τοὺς γὰρ μαθητὰς τοὺς ἑαυτῶν διδάσκοντες περιγίνεσθαι καὶ νικᾷν, ἑκόντες ἐν ταῖς παλαίστραις συμπλέκονται ἑτέροις, ἐν τοῖς τῶν ἀντιπάλων σώμασι παρέχοντες τούτοις θεωρεῖν καὶ παιδεύεσθαι τῆς νίκης τὸν τρόπον. Ὃ δὴ καὶ τότε ἐγένετο. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐβούλετο αὐτὸν ἐπισπάσασθαι εἰς τοῦτο, καὶ τὸ πεινῇν αὐτῷ κατάδηλον ἐποίησε, καὶ προσελθόντα ἐδέξατο, καὶ δεξάμενος, ἅπαξ καὶ δὶς καὶ τρὶς αὐτὸν κατέῤῥαξε μετ' εὐκολίας τῆς αὐτῷ προσηκούσης. Ἀλλ' ἵνα μὴ παρατρέχοντες τὰς νίκας ταύτας, λυμαινώμεθα ὑμῶν τὴν ὠφέλειαν, ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἀρξάμενοι προσβολῆς ἑκάστην μετὰ ἀκριβείας ἐξετάσωμεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐπείνασε, φησὶ, Προσελθὼν ὁ πειράζων εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Εἰ Υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ Θεοῦ, εἰπὲ ἵνα οἱ λίθοι οὗτοι ἄρτοι γένωνται. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἤκουσε φωνῆς ἄνωθεν φερομένης καὶ λεγούσης· Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός· ἤκουσε δὲ καὶ Ἰωάννου τοσαῦτα περὶ αὐτοῦ μαρτυροῦντος, εἶτα εἶδε πεινῶντα· ἐν ἀμηχανίᾳ λοιπὸν ἦν, καὶ οὔτε ὅτι ἄνθρωπος ἦν ψιλὸς πιστεῦσαι ἡδύνατο, διὰ τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ λεχθέντα· οὐδ' αὖ πάλιν παραδέξασθαι, ὅτι Υἱὸς ἦν τοῦ Θεοῦ, διὰ τὸ βλέπειν αὐτὸν πεινῶντα. Ὅθεν ἐν ἀμηχανίᾳ γενόμενος, ἀμφιβόλους ἀφίησι φωνάς. Καὶ ὥσπερ τῷ Ἀδὰμ προσελθὼν παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν, πλάττει τὰ μὴ ὄντα, ἵνα μάθῃ τὰ ὄντα· οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα, οὐκ εἰδὼς σαφῶς τὸ ἀπόῤῥητον τῆς οἰκονομίας μυστήριον, καὶ τίς ποτέ ἐστιν ὁ παρὼν, ἕτερα ἐπιχειρεῖ πλέκειν δίκτυα, δι' ὧν ᾤετο εἴσεσθαι τὸ κεκρυμμένον καὶ ἀσαφές. Καὶ τί φησιν; Εἰ Υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ Θεοῦ, εἰπὲ ἵνα οἱ λίθοι οὗτοι ἄρτοι γένωνται. Οὐκ εἶπεν, Ἐπειδὴ πεινᾷς, ἀλλ', Εἰ Υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ Θεοῦ· νομίζων ὑποκλέπτειν αὐτὸν τοῖς ἐγκωμίοις. ∆ιὸ καὶ τὴν πεῖναν ἐσίγησεν, ἵνα μὴ δόξῃ προφέρειν αὐτῷ τοῦτο καὶ ὀνειδίζειν. Οὐ γὰρ εἰδὼς τῶν οἰκονομουμένων τὸ μέγεθος, αἰσχρὸν αὐτῷ τοῦτο ἐνόμιζεν εἶναι. ∆ιὸ κολακεύων αὐτὸν ὑπούλως, τῆς ἀξίας μέμνηται μόνης. Τί οὖν ὁ Χριστός; Τὸν τῦφον αὐτοῦ καθαιρῶν, καὶ δεικνὺς οὐκ αἰσχύνης ἄξιον ὂν τὸ συμβὰν, οὐδὲ ἀνάξιον τῆς αὐτοῦ σοφίας, ὅπερ κολακεύων αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνος ἀπεσίγησε, τοῦτο εἰς μέσον αὐτὸς προφέρει καὶ τίθησι, λέγων· Οὐκ ἐπ' ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ἄνθρωπος. Ὅθεν ἄρχεται ἀπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὴν γαστέρα ἀνάγκης. Σὺ δέ μοι σκόπει τοῦ πονηροῦ δαίμονος ἐκείνου τὴν κακουργίαν, καὶ πόθεν ἄρχεται τῶν παλαισμάτων, 57.211 καὶ πῶς τῆς οἰκείας οὐκ ἐπιλανθάνεται τέχνης. Ἀφ' ὧν γὰρ καὶ τὸν πρῶτον ἐξέβαλεν ἄνθρωπον, καὶ ἑτέροις περιέβαλε κακοῖς, ἀπὸ τούτων καὶ ἐνταῦθα πλέκει τὸν δόλον,