Philocalia
they laid down the toils of faith. For them, indeed, nearly their whole life was spent in showing the most holy and sovereign Trinity to be of equal h
to attempt to correct the sayings of scripture for consistency, greatly preserving for those who are able to understand the coherence of the thought.
Free Will. 20. On good and evil things, and that these are in things subject to choice and in things not subject to choice, and according to the teach
rulers spoken of from Judah and leaders [from] his loins, when he for whom it is reserved, that is, the kingdom, shall come, and the expectation of th
And he came who according to Job subdued the great sea monster, and who gave authority to his genuine disciples to tread upon snakes and scorpions, an
that is, of the elementary teaching, to be brought to perfection, so that the wisdom spoken to the perfect may also be spoken to us. For he who posses
of the wives of Abraham, and of two sisters married to Jacob, and of two handmaids who bore children by him, they will say nothing else than that thes
orphans but Clement will send to the cities abroad and you will report to the presbyters of the church. For Grapte, who admonishes the widows and th
of new moons or of sabbaths which are a shadow of things to come. And further, also in the [epistle] to the Hebrews, speaking of those of the circumc
to things that have happened and things to be done, wherever the Word found things that had happened according to history which could be applied to th
Moses commands us to offer but a griffin has never been recorded to have been subject to man, which the lawgiver forbids to be eaten. But even the fa
to his brother, and so on and: But I say to you, do not swear at all. and in the Apostle the saying must be observed: Warn those who are unruly, comf
Isaac, he too having descended from Abraham, with all being traced back to Adam, whom the apostle says is Christ? For every beginning of families that
he came to gather the lost sheep of the house of Israel and when many from Israel did not yield to his teaching, those from the Gentiles are also cal
fleeing the allegory in these things, and thinking that the letter has been written for its own sake, they will stand by the will of the Holy Spirit w
behold, the lion of the tribe of Judah, the root of David, has conquered, to open the book and its seven seals. 2.2 But concerning its being sealed on
holy, for one who perceives the weakness of our race, and that it is impossible for us to grasp the principles of God's art, contemplated with all acc
It is. from the fifth volume of the commentary on the Gospel of John, on the prologue. Since you are not content for us to have undertaken the present
of many theorems, of which each theorem is a part of the whole discourse. But those outside this, promising to contain any kind of discussion and decl
the things before, he has understood the entire scripture as one book, understood as very sweet in the beginning when one chews it, but bitter in the
to the gospel or to himself or to the apostles. But one who has been educated in the music of God, being wise in deeds and words, and for this reason
he might change it, leading it to the singular. For having read: “They wept and entreated me ” and: “In the house of On they found me ” he might say t
of angels in the hand of a mediator and in the passage: So that the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by f
to others. And if we carefully observe this, we are freed from many errors and misinterpretations. It is necessary, therefore, to know that the word
in unbelief, confusion, outside. From the 20th book on Ezekiel. Thus says the Lord Lord: behold, I will judge between sheep and sheep, between rams a
For there are certain powers in us, of which the better ones are nourished by these, as it were, incantations, being kindred to them, and though we do
so that having despoiled the Egyptians, they might find material for the construction of the things received for the worship of God. For from the thin
His Christ would also know, and he who partakes of the spirit of God and the spirit of Christ. May you partake, and may you always increase your parti
of a spotted robe and of countless other things, one who takes the pains can find not a few examples. But we have made this digression, in order that
arising in those who speak effectively. For the prophet says in the sixty-seventh psalm, that the Lord will give a word to those who preach the gospel
knowing the first good, wrote indeed, as of God manifesting himself to the worthy and suitable, that God appeared, so to speak, to Abraham, or to Isaa
to the prophets of the Jews or to the oracles of the Christians the argument must be constructed in this way, from a certain example concerning foods
the concept of forbearance is corrupted by the meanness of the words, but in this too Celsus slanders the Word, saying: “But concerning these and othe
three apostles. But he will say that these things are fabrications and in no way different from myths, just as are the other wonderful things about Je
who are in no way lacking intelligible thunder. 15.19 And his garments below are different, they are not white, they are not as the light if you go u
admittedly more numerous but I think also among barbarians, as many as profess to practice medicine. And again, since philosophy, professing truth an
to think and to speak and to do, when reviled, we bless when persecuted, we endure when defamed, we entreat and we would not say things that may an
brother of Artemis, and paternal brother of Hermes and as many other things as the wise fathers of Celsus's doctrines and the ancient theologians of
of the name of Isaac, and something is revealed from the voice of Jacob and if indeed the one who calls or the one who adjures names the God of Abrah
as they wish, so he says it also happens among Christians. And he says that some, not even wishing to give or receive a reason for what they believe,
to seek proofs. And how is it not more reasonable, since all human affairs depend on faith, to trust God rather than them? For who sails, or marries,
I know the Stoic, or all the Peripatetic doctrines? unless perhaps, having heard the phrase for I know all things from some insensitive laymen who w
a profession was apparent since the word and the preaching were in the persuasive wisdom of phrasing and composition of words and faith would have b
to remove from such great evils those who were preoccupied in them. And among the Greeks a certain Phaedo, and I know not if a second, and one Polemon
We will say that the story about Aristotle is also a slander against Jesus and his disciples for when he saw that a court was about to be assembled a
And indeed one of the prophets, Hosea, says at the end of his words: Who is wise, and will understand these things? Or prudent, and will know them? Bu
that he might bring to nothing things that are, that no flesh should glory in his presence some have been moved to suppose that no one educated or wi
inviting them. which certain of the Cynics especially have done, discoursing in public to those who happen to be present. Will they then say that thes
a gathering of prudent men would never be addressed, but where they see boys and a crowd of household slaves and a throng of foolish men, there to bri
of the riddles and of the things said with concealment in the law and prophets and gospels, which you have despised as containing nothing of value, no
of stone as being worthy of worship but the common conception demands we understand that God is in no way corruptible matter, nor is he honored in in
to say to those who, through hatred for the hated, accuse them of things for which their dearest friends are praised. For just as in their case hatred
for food, and others for shelter. For it was better for those not intending to seek divine things and to philosophize to be in want, so as to use thei
to be captured by them? For if indeed the world came to be by providence, and God presides over all things it was necessary that the first sparks of
among them their succession, because men have need of honey for many things, for the healing of suffering bodies and as a purifying food. But what is
Indeed, when they meet, they converse with each other, which is why they do not miss their paths therefore, there is among them a fulfillment of disc
to have granted aids, because neither wisdom nor reason is in them, but a certain natural constitution for such things for the sake of the animals' pr
divination and after this to set forth the defense more clearly and demonstratively to reject the arguments of those who do away with such kinds of
mantic birds and the other irrational animals and conceptions of the divine and foreknowledge concerning future things, would have revealed such thing
taken as an example of the worst things, and never is a wolf or a fox named in connection with a good thing. It seems, then, that there is a certain f
For none of the irrational animals has a conception of God. And it is a falsehood that irrational animals are nearer to divine communion since even
to act, he would not have said that storks are more pious than men. Furthermore, as if standing up for the piety of the irrational animals, Celsus int
has the cause of movement, animals and plants and simply all things that are held together by nature and soul, among which they say are also minerals.
being driven out of what is solemn and stable so that they change to licentiousness, often beginning their licentiousness in the middle of their life
someone that in like manner those who are perishing are not of free will nor will they perish by their own fault. And what is said in Ezekiel: I will
to Pharaoh? For it is necessary for one who believes that the scriptures are true and that God is just, if he is fair-minded, to struggle with how in
narratives are also considered violent, let us see also from prophetic discourse, what those say who have experienced the great goodness of God, and h
One might blame the farmer for not casting the seeds sooner upon the rocky ground, seeing some other rocky ground that has received the seeds and is f
21.15 After this was the passage from the gospel, when the savior said that for this reason he speaks to those outside in parables, that seeing they m
that they would have long ago repented, sitting in sackcloth and ashes, when the savior came near their borders, they do not even hear the things of t
we might stumble, while it is understood that something has happened in a human way, but the good deed is thankfully referred to God the perfecter th
thus? Or does not the potter have authority over the clay, from the same lump to make one vessel for honor, and another for dishonor? For someone will
O man, who are you who answers back to God? 21.22 But to those who introduce natures and use the saying, these things must be said: if they preserve t
those who were allotted to be overseers of the earth established laws for those who were being legislated for, cooperating with the lawgivers. It seem
different relations and laws see if temperance will not consequently be one of the relatives, and courage and prudence and knowledge and the other vi
the voice of his neighbor. And the Lord scattered them from there over the face of all the earth, and they stopped building the city and the tower. Fo
in proportion to the sins of those who had obtained the other lands, first, having been punished to a lesser degree and paid the penalty, as if discip
blessings for none of these things will any longer reasonably come to be. And if one were to look at the consequences for himself of what he teaches,
in a prophetic book which makes clear beforehand the things concerning Judas the traitor, to suppose, having learned what was to be, seeing it being f
king of the Macedonians, and Ptolemy who ruled Egypt, who was surnamed Lagos, it is thus prophesied: And behold, a he-goat came from the west over the
that what is in our power can be preserved. 23.8 To these we must say that when God applies himself to the beginning of the creation of the world, sin
hearing they will turn back or they will persist in their own sins just as it is said in Jeremiah: Perhaps they will hear and repent. For God does no
in the psalm, whose beginning is: O God, do not be silent about my praise for the mouth of the sinner and the mouth of the deceitful has been opened
taking the hour of this man’s birth, they ascertain how each of the wandering stars is perpendicularly aligned, either with this degree of the zodiac
of the father and that of the mother and that of his wife and of his sons and of the servants and of the dearest friends, and perhaps also of the murd
the intelligible dodecatemorion being one thing, and the, as it were, formation another and they say the results are found not from the formation, bu
Pharaoh was for the demonstration of the power of God and the proclamation of his name in all the earth, consider how great a demonstration of God's p
of men that not at every hour are some of the stars well-positioned and others ill-positioned for it is an even, varied circle, having infinite prete
a place for withdrawal. But if anyone should say that matter is in God, it is necessary to examine likewise, whether as though he were separating hims
If you have something to say, begin your speech. For if our inquiry were born of contention, I would not have thought it right to define evils a secon
God is the creator. Let this argument, therefore, be well addressed to him but to me it seems a falsehood to say that matter is without quality. For
and to turn that to the better, seems to me to be worthy of incurring blame, having left a part of matter to be evil to the destruction of the part wh
it was opposed to itself. Thus since opposites exist, it is shown that matter does not exist. These things have been drawn from the 7th book of the Ev
of their coming into being and as knowing all things before their coming into being he foreknew and predestined some to be conformed to the image of
he will discipline his body and bring it into subjection, being careful lest, having preached to others, he himself should become disqualified, and th
events teaching that we must choose justice and temperance and prudence and courage and the actions according to them, but shun their opposites. There
accomplishing by the very act of working, they were doing good to men and delivering them from evils. And those who say such things will pass on to th
For the just man did not give his money at interest and did not take bribes against the innocent and: He who does these things will not be shaken for
of providence, according to the good temper of the airs and the bearing of sufficient rain so the good of the rational being is a mixture of both his
for God to effect a hardening of anyone's heart, and to effect a hardening for the purpose of the one being hardened disobeying the will of the one ha
being destroyed. Yet this also must be inquired into, because the apostle, using the words from here, says: Therefore, He has mercy on whom He wills,
to do something alien to the profession of physicians, leading him who should be healed to inflammations and abscesses so I think God also said: But
to punish him for the sins against Abner the son of Ner, and to kill him for his offenses then he adds: And you will bring down his gray head in peac
man shall live by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God. But observe in these things that God afflicts and tests, so that the things in each
from the text that the heart of Pharaoh was hardened how is he just who hardened the heart of the king so that he would not send away his people, and
that what is in our power can be preserved. 23.8 To these we must say that when God applies himself to the beginning of the creation of the world, since nothing happens without a cause, he mentally goes through each of the things that will be, seeing that since this has happened, this follows, and if this next thing happens, this follows, and when this has occurred, this will be; and thus proceeding to the end of things he knows what will be, without in every case being the cause of each of the things known happening. For just as if someone seeing a person who is rash on account of ignorance, and on account of his rashness irrationally sets foot on a slippery path, should perceive that he will slip and fall, he is not the cause of that person's slipping; so one must understand that God, having foreseen what sort of person each one will be, also sees the causes of his being such, and that he will commit these sins or perform these right actions. And if we must say that foreknowledge is not the cause of what happens, (for God does not interfere with the one foreknown to be a sinner when he sins), but, we shall say something more paradoxical but true, the future event is the cause of its foreknowledge being of such a kind. For it does not happen because it is known, but it is known because it was going to happen; but this requires a distinction. For if one interprets “it will certainly be” in such a way as to mean that it is necessary for the foreknown thing to happen, we do not grant this to him; for we will not say, since it was foreknown that Judas would become a traitor, that there was every necessity for Judas to become a traitor. At any rate, in the prophecies concerning Judas, reproaches and accusations against Judas are written, showing to everyone his blameworthiness. But blame would not attach to him if he were a traitor by necessity, and it were not possible for him to have become like the rest of the apostles. And see if these things are not made clear by the sayings we shall quote, which run thus: Let there be none to extend mercy to his orphans; because he remembered not to show mercy, but persecuted the poor and needy man, and the broken in heart, to slay him. And he loved cursing, and it shall come to him; and he delighted not in blessing, and it shall be far from him. But if one explains “it will certainly be,” and says that it means this, that these certain things will be, but it was also possible for them to happen otherwise, this we concede as true; for it is not possible for God to lie, but it is possible for him to think, concerning things that can happen and not happen, that they will happen and that they will not happen. 23.9 But we shall state this more clearly as follows. If it is possible for Judas to be an apostle like Peter, it is possible for God to think concerning Judas that he will remain an apostle like Peter. If it is possible for Judas to become a traitor, it is possible for God to think concerning him that he will be a traitor. And if Judas will be a traitor, God, in his foreknowledge of the two aforementioned possibilities, it being possible for one of them to be, foreknowing the truth, will foreknow that Judas will become a traitor; but the thing about which the knowledge is, it is possible for it also to happen otherwise. And the knowledge of God might say that it is possible for this man to do this, but also the opposite; but with both being possible, I know that he will do this. For just as God might say, it is not possible for this certain man to fly, so giving an oracle, let us say, concerning someone, he will not say that it is not possible for this man to be temperate. For there is absolutely no power of flying at all in man, but there is a power of being temperate and of being intemperate. And with both these powers existing, the one who does not pay attention to words of conversion and instruction gives himself over to the worse one; but to the better one, he who has sought the truth and wished to live according to it. But this one does not seek the truth, since he is inclined toward pleasure; while that one examines them, being moved by common notions and exhortatory reason. Again, this one chooses pleasure, not because he is unable to resist it, but because he does not strive; while that one despises it, seeing the ugliness that is often in it. 23.10 But that the foreknowledge of God does not impose necessity on those things about which it has apprehended, in addition to what has been said this will also be stated, that in many places in the scriptures God commands the prophets to preach repentance, not pretending to have foreknown whether the
δύνασθαι τὸ ἐφ' ἡμῖν σώζεσθαι. 23.8 Πρὸς οὓς λεκτέον ὅτι ἐπιβάλλων ὁ θεὸς τῇ ἀρχῇ τῆς κοσμοποιΐας, οὐδενὸς ἀναιτίως γινομένου,
ἐπιπορεύεται τῷ νῷ ἕκαστον τῶν ἐσομένων, ὁρῶν ὅτι ἐπεὶ τόδε γέγονε τόδε ἕπεται, ἐὰν δὲ γένηται τόδε τὸ ἑπόμενον τόδε ἀκολουθεῖ,
οὗ ὑποστάντος τόδε ἔσται· καὶ οὕτω μέχρι τέλους τῶν πραγμάτων ἐπιπορευθεὶς οἶδεν ἃ ἔσται, οὐ πάντως ἑκάστῳ τῶν γινωσκομένων
αἴτιος τοῦ αὐτὸ συμβῆναι τυγχάνων. ὥσπερ γὰρ εἴ τις ὁρῶν τινὰ διὰ ἀμαθίαν προπετῆ, διὰ δὲ τὴν προπετείαν ἀλογίστως ἐπιβαίνοντα
ὁδοῦ ὀλισθηρᾶς, εἰ καταλάβοι πεσεῖσθαι ὀλισθήσαντα, οὐχὶ αἴτιος τοῦ ὀλίσθου ἐκείνῳ γίνεται· οὕτω νοητέον τὸν θεὸν προεωρα
κότα ὁποῖος ἔσται ἕκαστος καὶ τὰς αἰτίας τοῦ τοιοῦτον αὐτὸν ἔσεσθαι καθορᾷν, καὶ ὅτι ἁμαρτήσεται τάδε ἢ κατορ θώσει τάδε.
καὶ εἰ χρὴ λέγειν οὐ τὴν πρόγνωσιν αἰτίαν τῶν γινομένων, (οὐ γὰρ ἐφάπτεται τοῦ προεγνωσμένου ἁμαρτησομένου ὁ θεὸς, ὅταν ἁμαρτάνῃ),
ἀλλὰ παραδοξότερον μὲν ἀληθὲς δὲ ἐροῦμεν, τὸ ἐσόμενον αἴτιον τοῦ τοιάνδε εἶναι τὴν περὶ αὐτοῦ πρόγνωσιν. οὐ γὰρ ἐπεὶ ἔγνωσται
γίνεται, ἀλλ' ἐπεὶ ἔμελλεν γίνεσθαι ἔγνωσται· διαστολῆς δὲ δεῖται. εἰ μὲν γὰρ τὸ «πάντως ἔσται» οὕτω τις ἑρμηνεύει, ὡς ἀνάγκην
εἶναι γενέσθαι τὸ προεγνωσμένον, οὐ διδόαμεν αὐτῷ· οὐ γὰρ ἐροῦμεν, ἐπεὶ προέγνωσται Ἰούδαν προδότην γενέσθαι, ὅτι πᾶσα ἀνάγκη
ἦν Ἰούδαν προδότην γενέσθαι. ἐν γοῦν ταῖς περὶ τοῦ Ἰούδα προφητείαις μέμψεις καὶ κατηγορίαι τοῦ Ἰούδα ἀναγεγραμμέναι εἰσὶ
παντί τῳ παριστᾶσαι τὸ ψεκτὸν αὐτοῦ. οὐκ ἂν δὲ ψόγος αὐτῷ προσήπτετο, εἰ ἐπαναγκὲς προδότης ἦν, καὶ μὴ ἐνεδέχετο αὐτὸν ὅμοιον
τοῖς λοιποῖς ἀποστόλοις γενέσθαι. ὅρα δὲ εἰ μὴ ταῦτα δηλοῦται δι' ὧν παραθησόμεθα ῥητῶν οὕτως ἐχόντων· Μηδὲ γενηθήτω οἰκτίρμων
τοῖς ὀρφανοῖς αὐτοῦ· ἀνθ' ὧν οὐκ ἐμνήσθη ποιῆσαι ἔλεος, καὶ κατεδίωξεν ἄνθρωπον πένητα καὶ πτωχὸν καὶ κατανενυγμένον τῇ καρδίᾳ
τοῦ θανατῶσαι. καὶ ἠγάπη σεν κατάραν, καὶ ἥξει αὐτῷ· καὶ οὐκ ἠθέλησεν εὐλογίαν, καὶ μακρυνθήσεται ἀπ' αὐτοῦ. εἰ δέ τις διηγήσεται
τὸ «πάντως ἔσται,» καὶ τοῦτο σημαίνειν αὐτὸ λέγων, ὅτι ἔσται μὲν τάδε τινὰ ἐνεδέχετο δὲ καὶ ἑτέρως γενέσθαι, τοῦτο ὡς ἀληθὲς
συγχωροῦμεν· τὸν μὲν γὰρ θεὸν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται ψεύσασθαι, ἐνδέχεται δὲ περὶ τῶν ἐνδεχομένων γενέσθαι καὶ μὴ γενέσθαι φρονῆσαι
τὸ γενέσθαι αὐτὰ καὶ τὸ μὴ γενέσθαι. 23.9 Σαφέστερον δὲ τοῦτο οὕτως ἐροῦμεν. εἰ ἐνδέ χεται Ἰούδαν εἶναι ἀπόστολον ὁμοίως Πέτρῳ,
ἐνδέχεται τὸν θεὸν νοῆσαι περὶ τοῦ Ἰούδα ὅτι μενεῖ ἀπόστολος ὁμοίως Πέτρῳ. εἰ ἐνδέχεται Ἰούδαν προδότην γενέσθαι, ἐνδέχεται
τὸν θεὸν φρονῆσαι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι προδότης ἔσται. εἰ δὲ προδότης ἔσται Ἰούδας, ὁ θεὸς τῇ προγνώσει αὐτοῦ τῶν προειρημένων ἐνδεχομένων
δύο, ἐνδεχομένου τοῦ εἶναι ἑνὶ αὐτῶν, τὸ ἀληθὲς προγινώσκων, προγνώσεται τὸν Ἰούδαν προδότην γενέσθαι· τὸ δὲ περὶ οὗ ἡ γνῶσις
ἐνδέ χεται καὶ ἑτέρως γενέσθαι· καὶ λέγοι ἂν ἡ γνῶσις τοῦ θεοῦ ὅτι ἐνδέχεται μὲν τόνδε τόδε ποιῆσαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ἐναντίον·
ἐνδεχομένων δὲ ἀμφοτέρων, οἶδα ὅτι τόδε ποιήσει· οὐ γὰρ ὥσπερ ὁ θεὸς εἴποι ἂν, οὐκ ἐνδέχεται τόνδε τινὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον πτῆναι,
οὕτω χρησμὸν φέρε εἰπεῖν περί τινος διδοὺς ἐρεῖ ὅτι οὐκ ἐνδέχεται τόνδε σωφρονῆσαι. δύναμις μὲν γὰρ πάντη οὐκ ἔστι τοῦ πτῆναι
οὐδαμῶς ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, δύναμις δὲ ἔστι τοῦ σωφρονῆσαι καὶ τοῦ ἀκολαστῆσαι. ὧν ἀμφοτέρων δυνάμεων ὑπαρχουσῶν, ὁ μὴ προσέχων
λόγοις ἐπιστρεπτικοῖς καὶ παιδευτικοῖς ἑαυτὸν ἐπιδίδωσι τῇ χείρονι· τῇ κρείττονι δὲ ὁ ζητήσας τὸ ἀληθὲς καὶ βιῶσαι βεβουλη
μένος κατ' αὐτό. οὐ ζητεῖ δὲ ὅδε μὲν τἀληθῆ, ἐπεὶ ἐπιρ ρέπει ἐπὶ τὴν ἡδονήν· ὅδε δὲ ἐξετάζει περὶ αὐτῶν, αἱρεθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν
κοινῶν ἐννοιῶν καὶ λόγου προτρεπτικοῦ. πάλιν τε αὖ ὅδε μὲν αἱρεῖται τὴν ἡδονὴν, οὐχὶ οὐ δυνάμενος ἀντι βλέπειν αὐτῇ, ἀλλ'
οὐκ ἀγωνιζόμενος· ὅδε δὲ καταφρονεῖ αὐτῆς, τὸ ἄσχημον ὁρῶν τὸ ἐν αὐτῇ πολλάκις τυγχάνον. 23.10 Ὅτι μέντοι γε ἡ πρόγνωσις τοῦ
θεοῦ οὐκ ἀνάγκην ἐπιτίθησι τοῖς περὶ ὧν κατείληφε, πρὸς τοῖς προειρημένοις καὶ τοῦτο λελέξεται, ὅτι πολλαχοῦ τῶν γραφῶν ὁ
θεὸς κελεύει τοὺς προφήτας κηρύσσειν μετάνοιαν, οὐ προσποιη σάμενος τὸ προεγνωκέναι πότερον οἱ
