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of father Robert and that he himself should cross over to demand their pay. And if they accomplished this, all would enjoy honor and countless benefits. And as many of them as would wish to serve for pay, these were to be taken on and to be given sufficient pay according to their wishes, but those wanting to go back to their own homes he would convey safely through Hungary. 5.7.5 Yielding therefore to the emperor's command, the counts unpityingly demanded the pay for the four years that had passed. But he, not having the means to pay, put it off for the time being. But as they pressed him, making reasonable demands, not knowing what to do, he left Bryennius there to guard Castoria and Peter of Alipha who was guarding the Polobi; and he himself occupied Aulon. Learning this, the emperor returned victorious to the queen of cities.

5.8.1 Having reached it and finding the affairs of the church in confusion, he did not get even a short period of respite. But, being apostolic as he was, since he found the church tossed by the waves of the dogmas of Italus, even though he was plotting against Bryennius (a Celt, this man, holding Castoria, as has been said), still he did not neglect the dogma. For in addition to these things, the affair of Italus had sprung up, greatly disturbing the church. This Italus (for it is necessary to narrate the things concerning him from the very beginning) was from Italy and spent a considerable time in Sicily; this is an island situated near Italy. For the Sicilians, having revolted from Roman rule and having turned to war and battles against them, invited the Italians to an alliance, among whom was also the father of Italus, having his son with him, even if he was not of military age, following him and frisking along, and being taught the arts of war in the Italian manner. Thus were the early years of Italus, and such was the first foundation of his education. 5.8.2 But when that renowned George Maniakes, while Monomachus was directing the scepters of the Romans, seized Sicily as a tyrant, with difficulty the father of Italus fled from there, taking his son with him. And both were brought as fugitives to Longobardia, which was still under the Romans. From there this Italus, I know not how, reached the city of Constantine, which was not lacking in all education and the art of logic. For from the reign of Basil the Porphyrogenitus and up to the reign of Monomachus himself, learning, even if neglected by the majority, nevertheless, not having completely set, shone forth again and sprang up and became a matter of zeal for the learned in the time of the emperor Alexius, before this the majority of people being luxurious and playful and occupying themselves with quail-fights and other more shameful games on account of their luxury, but treating learning and all technical education as a secondary matter. 5.8.3 Thus, then, Italus, finding the men there in this state, and having associated with men who were pedantic and stern and savage in character (for there were then some such men around the capital), having therefore received from them an education in logic, later also associated with that Michael Psellus, who had not studied very much with wise teachers, but through natural skill and sharpness of mind, and having moreover obtained God as a helper in addition to these things through the most fervent supplication of his mother who often kept vigil before the holy icon of the Mother of God in the church of Cyrus and with hot tears calling upon her for her son, had advanced to the summit of all wisdom and, having mastered the learning of the Greeks and Chaldeans, became in those times renowned in wisdom. Italus, therefore, having associated with him with an uneducated and

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πατρὸς Ῥομπέρτου καὶ αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνον διαπερᾶσαι τοὺς αὐτῶν μισθοὺς ἐξαιτησόμενον. Καὶ εἰ τοῦτο ἀνύσαιεν, πάντας τιμῆς καὶ μυρίων εὐεργε σιῶν ἐπαπολαῦσαι. Καὶ ὅσοι μὲν τούτων ἐπὶ μισθῷ δουλεῦσαι θελήσουσι, προσλαμβάνεσθαι τούτους καὶ ἀποχρῶντα τὸν μισθὸν ἀποδοῦναι κατὰ τὰ θελήματα αὐτῶν, τοὺς δ' αὖ εἰς τὰς οἰκίας αὐτῶν βουλομένους ἀπελθεῖν ἀκινδύνως διαβιβάσαι διὰ τῆς Οὐγγρίας. 5.7.5 Ὑπείξαντες οὖν τῷ τοῦ βασιλέως προστάγματι οἱ κόμητες τοὺς τῶν παραδραμόντων τεσσά ρων ἐνιαυτῶν μισθοὺς ἀσυμπαθῶς ἀπῄτουν. Ὁ δὲ μὴ ἔχων ἀποδοῦναι ἀνεβάλλετο τέως. Ὡς δὲ ἐνέκειντο εὔλογα αἰτοῦντες, μὴ ἔχων ὅ τι καὶ δράσειε τὸν μὲν Βρυέννιον αὐτοῦ που φυλάσσειν τὴν Καστορίαν κατέλιπε καὶ τὸν τοὺς Πολόβους φυλάσσοντα Πέτρον τοῦ Ἀλίφα· αὐτὸς δὲ τὸν Αὐλῶνα κατέλαβε. Τοῦτο δὲ μεμαθηκὼς ὁ βασιλεὺς νικητὴς εἰς τὴν βασιλίδα τῶν πόλεων ἐπαναζεύγνυσι.

5.8.1 Καταλαβὼν δὲ ταύτην καὶ ἐν συγχύσει τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν εὑρὼν οὐδὲ πρὸς βραχύν τινα χρόνον ἀνέ σεως ἔτυχεν. Ἀλλ' ὁποῖος ἐκεῖνος ἀποστολικὸς ὤν, ἐπεὶ κυμαινομένην τοῖς τοῦ Ἰταλοῦ δόγμασι τὴν ἐκκλησίαν εὗρε, κἂν καὶ κατὰ τοῦ Βρυεννίου ἐβουλεύετο (Κελτὸς δὲ οὗτος τὴν Καστορίαν κατασχών, ὡς εἴρηται), ἀλλ' οὐδ' οὕτως ἠμέλει τοῦ δόγματος. Ἐπὶ τούτοις γὰρ καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὸν Ἰταλὸν ἐβλάστησαν μεγάλως τὴν ἐκκλησίαν συνταράττοντα. Οὗτος δὲ ὁ Ἰταλός (δεῖ γὰρ τὰ κατ' αὐτὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς αὐτῆς διηγήσασθαι) ὥρμητο μὲν ἐξ Ἰταλίας καὶ ἐν τῇ Σικελίᾳ ἐφ' ἱκανὸν διέτριψε· νῆσος δὲ αὕτη ἀγχοῦ τῆς Ἰταλίας διακειμένη. Οἱ γὰρ Σικελοὶ ἀποστάντες τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῆς καὶ εἰς πόλεμον κατ' αὐτῶν καὶ μάχας ἀπονενευκό τες τοὺς Ἰταλοὺς εἰς συμμαχίαν προὐκαλέσαντο, μεθ' ὧν καὶ ὁ τοῦ Ἰταλοῦ πατὴρ ἦν ἔχων καὶ τὸν παῖδα μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ, κἂν μὴ στρατεύσιμον εἶχε τὴν ἡλικίαν, συνεφε πόμενον τούτῳ καὶ συμπαρασκαίροντα καὶ τὰ πολεμικὰ οἷα τὰ τῶν Ἰταλῶν, παιδευόμενον. Τὰ μὲν οὖν πρῶτα τῆς ἡλικίας οὕτως εἶχε τῷ Ἰταλῷ καὶ ἡ πρώτη τοιαύτη τούτῳ καταβολὴ τῆς παιδεύσεως. 5.8.2 Ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ κλεινὸς ἐκεῖνος Γεώργιος ὁ Μανιάκης τοῦ Μονομάχου τὰ σκῆπτρα τῆς Ῥωμαίων διέποντος τυραννήσας τὴν Σικελίαν κατέσχε, μόλις ἐκεῖθεν ὁ τοῦ Ἰταλοῦ πατὴρ καὶ τὸν παῖδα ἐπιφερό μενος πέφευγε. Καὶ εἰς Λογγιβαρδίαν φυγάδες ἄμφω κατή χθησαν ἔτι ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίους τελοῦσαν. Ἐκεῖθεν δὲ οὗτος ὁ Ἰταλός, οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως, τὴν Κωνσταντίνου κατέλαβε παι δείας ἁπάσης καὶ τέχνης λογικῆς οὐκ ἐνδεῶς ἔχουσαν. Καὶ γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτοκρατορίας Βασιλείου τοῦ πορφυρογεννή του καὶ μέχρις αὐτῆς τῆς τοῦ Μονομάχου βασιλείας ὁ λόγος, εἰ καὶ τοῖς πλείοσιν ἐρρᾳθύμητο, ἀλλ' οὖν γε πάλιν οὐ καταδεδυκὼς ἀνέλαμψε καὶ ἀνέθορε καὶ διὰ σπουδῆς τοῖς φιλολόγοις ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τῶν χρόνων Ἀλεξίου τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος, τὰ πρὸ τούτου χλιδώντων τῶν πλειόνων καὶ παιζόντων ἀνθρώπων καὶ ὀρτυγίαις καὶ ἄλλοις αἰσχίοσι παιγνίοις ἐνασχολουμένων διὰ τὴν χλιδήν, λόγον δὲ καὶ παίδευσιν ἅπασαν τεχνικὴν ἐν παρέργῳ τιθεμένων. 5.8.3 Οὕτως οὖν τοὺς ἐνταῦθα ἔχοντας ὁ Ἰταλὸς εὑρηκὼς καὶ ἀνδράσιν ὁμιλήσας σχολαστικοῖς καὶ ἀμειλίκτοις καὶ τὸ ἦθος ἀγρίοις (ἧσαν γὰρ τότε καί τινες περὶ τὴν βασιλεύου σαν τοιοῦτοι) παιδείας τοίνυν ἐξ ἐκείνων λογικῆς μετα σχὼν καὶ Μιχαὴλ ἐκείνῳ τῷ Ψελλῷ ἐν ὑστέρῳ προσωμίλησεν, ὃς οὐ πάνυ τι παρὰ διδασκάλοις σοφοῖς ἐφοίτησε, διὰ φύσεως δὲ δεξιότητα καὶ νοὸς ὀξύτητα, τυχὼν μέντοι καὶ Θεοῦ ἀρωγοῦ πρὸς τούτοις διὰ τὴν τῆς μητρὸς θερμοτά την ἱκεσίαν ἐπαγρυπνούσης συχνῶς τῷ ἐν τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Κύρου τῆς θεοτόκου σεπτῷ εἰκονίσματι καὶ θερμοῖς τοῖς δάκρυσιν ὑπὲρ τοῦ παιδὸς ἐκκαλουμένης, εἰς ἄκρον σοφίας ἁπάσης ἐληλακὼς καὶ τὰ Ἑλλήνων καὶ Χαλδαίων ἀκρι βωσάμενος γέγονε τοῖς τότε χρόνοις περιβόητος ἐν σοφίᾳ. Τούτῳ γοῦν ὁ Ἰταλὸς προσομιλήσας ἐν ἀπαιδεύτῳ ἤθει καὶ