Chapter XII.

And the following appear to me to be childish assertions, viz., that “no good general and leader of great multitudes was ever betrayed; nor even a wicked captain of robbers and commander of very wicked men, who seemed to be of any use to his associates; but Jesus, having been betrayed by his subordinates, neither governed like a good general, nor, after deceiving his disciples, produced in the minds of the victims of his deceit that feeling of good-will which, so to speak, would be manifested towards a brigand chief.”  Now one might find many accounts of generals who were betrayed by their own soldiers, and of robber chiefs who were captured through the instrumentality of those who did not keep their bargains with them.  But grant that no general or robber chief was ever betrayed, what does that contribute to the establishment of the fact as a charge against Jesus, that one of His disciples became His betrayer?  And since Celsus makes an ostentatious exhibition of philosophy, I would ask of him, If, then, it was a charge against Plato, that Aristotle, after being his pupil for twenty years, went away and assailed his doctrine of the immortality of the soul, and styled the ideas of Plato the merest trifling?185    τερετίσματα.  And if I were still in doubt, I would continue thus:  Was Plato no longer mighty in dialectics, nor able to defend his views, after Aristotle had taken his departure; and, on that account, are the opinions of Plato false?  Or may it not be, that while Plato is true, as the pupils of his philosophy would maintain, Aristotle was guilty of wickedness and ingratitude towards his teacher?  Nay, Chrysippus also, in many places of his writings, appears to assail Cleanthes, introducing novel opinions opposed to his views, although the latter had been his teacher when he was a young man, and began the study of philosophy.  Aristotle, indeed, is said to have been Plato’s pupil for twenty years, and no inconsiderable period was spent by Chrysippus in the school of Cleanthes; while Judas did not remain so much as three years with Jesus.186    [See De Princip., iv. i. 5, where Origen gives the length of our Lord’s ministry as “only a year and a few months.”  S.]  But from the narratives of the lives of philosophers we might take many instances similar to those on which Celsus founds a charge against Jesus on account of Judas.  Even the Pythagoreans erected cenotaphs187    Cf. Clem. Alex., Strom., v. c. ix.  [See vol. ii. pp. 457, 458.  S.] to those who, after betaking themselves to philosophy, fell back again into their ignorant mode of life; and yet neither was Pythagoras nor his followers, on that account, weak in argument and demonstration.

Παιδαριώδη δέ μοι δοκεῖ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα, ὅτι στρατη γὸς μὲν ἀγαθὸς καὶ πολλῶν μυριάδων ἡγησάμενος οὐδεπώποτε προὐδόθη, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ λῄσταρχος πονηρὸς καὶ παμπονήρων ἄρχων, ὠφέλιμος τοῖς συνοῦσιν εἶναι δοκῶν· αὐτὸς δὲ προδοθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπ' αὐτῷ οὔτε ὡς στρατηγὸς ἦρξεν ἀγαθός, οὔτ' ἀπατήσας τοὺς μαθητὰς κἂν τὴν ὡς πρὸς λῄσταρχον, ἵν' οὕτως ὀνομάσω, εὔνοιαν ἐνεποίησε τοῖς ἀπατηθεῖσι. Πολλὰς γὰρ ἄν τις εὕροι ἱστορίας περὶ στρατηγῶν προδοθέντων ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκείων καὶ λῃσταρχῶν ἁλόντων διὰ τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας τὰς πρὸς αὐτοὺς συνθήκας. Ἀλλ' ἔστω μηδένα στρατηγῶν προδεδόσθαι ἢ λῃσταρχῶν· τί τοῦτο συμβάλλεται πρὸς τὸ κατὰ Ἰησοῦ εἶναι τὸ ἕνα τῶν φοιτητῶν προδότην αὐτοῦ γεγονέναι; Ἐπεὶ δὲ φιλοσοφίαν προβάλλεται ὁ Κέλσος, πυθοίμεθ' ἂν αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἆρα Πλάτω νος ἦν κατηγορία τὸ μετὰ εἴκοσιν ἔτη τῆς παρ' αὐτῷ ἀκροάσεως ἀποφοιτήσαντα τὸν Ἀριστοτέλη κατηγορηκέναι μὲν τοῦ περὶ τῆς ἀθανασίας τῆς ψυχῆς λόγου, Πλάτωνος δὲ "τερετίσματα" τὰς ἰδέας ὠνομακέναι; Ἔτι δὲ προσα ποροῦντες καὶ τοιαῦτα λέγοιμεν ἄν· ἆρα Πλάτων οὐκέτι δυνατὸς ἦν ἐν διαλεκτικῇ οὐδ' ἱκανὸς παραστῆσαι τὰ νενοημένα, ἐπεὶ ἀπεφοίτησεν αὐτοῦ Ἀριστοτέλης, καὶ παρὰ τοῦτο ψευδῆ τὰ Πλάτωνός ἐστι δόγματα; Ἢ δύναται καὶ ἀληθοῦς ὄντος Πλάτωνος, ὡς ἂν λέγοιεν οἱ κατ' αὐτὸν φιλοσοφοῦντες, Ἀριστοτέλης πονηρὸς καὶ ἀχάριστος πρὸς τὸν διδάσκαλον γεγονέναι; Ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ Χρύσιππος πολλαχοῦ τῶν συγγραμμάτων αὐτοῦ φαίνεται καθαπτόμενος Κλεάνθους, καινοτομῶν παρὰ τὰ ἐκείνῳ δεδογμένα, γενομένῳ αὐτοῦ διδασκάλῳ ἔτι νέου καὶ ἀρχὰς ἔχοντος φιλοσοφίας. Καίτοι γε Ἀριστοτέλης μὲν εἴκοσιν ἔτεσι λέγεται πεφοιτηκέναι Πλάτωνι, οὐκ ὀλίγον δὲ χρόνον καὶ ὁ Χρύσιππος παρὰ τῷ Κλεάνθει πεποιῆσθαι τὰς διατριβάς· ὁ δὲ Ἰούδας παρὰ τῷ Ἰησοῦ οὐδὲ τρία διέτριψεν ἔτη. Ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν τοῖς βίοις τῶν φιλοσόφων πολλὰ ἄν τις εὕροι τοιαῦτα, ἐφ' οἷς ἐγκαλεῖ τῷ Ἰησοῦ διὰ τὸν Ἰούδαν ὁ Κέλσος. Οἱ δὲ Πυθαγόρειοι καὶ κενοτάφια ᾠκοδόμουν τοῖς μετὰ τὸ προτραπῆναι ἐπὶ φιλοσοφίαν παλινδρομήσασιν ἐπὶ τὸν ἰδιωτικὸν βίον· καὶ οὐ παρὰ τοῦτο ἀσθενὴς ἦν λόγῳ καὶ ἀποδείξεσι Πυθαγόρας καὶ οἱ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ.