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you teach that it is most necessary and you take pride in this, and you do not hesitate to falsify his other sayings, only so that you may have something to put forward to persuade that the teachings are productive of perfect and saving purification; so that you alone, above all the saints, may be secure. And while the great Basil clearly said that not knowing the truth that extends through heaven and earth and the elements between is no obstacle to the blessedness in the promises, you declare this to be salvific, and that without this, perfection is not present for one to harmonize his mind with the truth that is through all things; and would that it were at least with the truth, if one must even pray for the impossible; for in God alone is the knowledge of all things, who says to Job, 'Declare to me, if you have understanding, where the pillars of the earth have been fixed, and what are the springs of the sea, and how great is the breadth of what is under heaven.' But you, not seeking to harmonize your mind with this truth, think that you alone know and possess perfection, but rather with Aristotle and Plato, and Euclid and (p. 418) Ptolemy and those like them; wherefore you also consider astrologers and natural philosophers to be seers of God more than those who are not such, as having their reason soundly moving about the truth of existing things, by whose convolution you deem them worthy even of thoughts equal to the angels; and saying these things you think you follow the God-revealer Dionysius in a saving and secure manner, and for this reason you speak boldly as if you are our unerring guide.

But let not the bent man boast as if he were straight; for he will not persuade nor deceive those who see him, even if he deceives himself; nor let him speak falsely against those who think rightly and follow the God-inspired writers securely, and this on matters in which no one anywhere on earth, not even those who do not adhere to the gospel of grace, could be convicted of being now completely in error. For who, not only of those called after Christ, but even if he be a Scythian or a Persian or an Indian, does not now know that God is none of the created or perceptible things? For just as at the future coming of Christ the grace of the resurrection and of immortality is not confined to those who have believed in him alone, but according to the oracles all will be raised in common, even if not all in common will obtain the things promised after the resurrection, so also now, at his first coming on earth, even if not all obeyed the gospel of Christ, yet all in common, having been unknowingly transformed by the abundance of the grace of him who came, confess one uncreated God, the creator of the universe; and if you should ask the Parthian, the Persian, the Sarmatian, you would hear straightway from him that Abrahamic voice, that 'I worship the God of heaven,' which Ptolemy would not have said, nor Hipparchus, nor Marinus of Tyre, the wise men according to you, who though they harmonized their mind with the truth of the heavenly circles (p. 420) and epicycles and spheres, nevertheless called heaven divine and the cause of all, nor Aristotles and Platos, who opined that the stars were the bodies of gods, nor those who say the horses of the gods leap as far as the eye sees from a watchtower over the wine-dark sea.

Since all, then, through the light that shone in the darkness, have now come to know God beyond perception, better than those once admired for their wisdom, so as not even to endure describing him at all by forming images from existing things, how not to the disciples of the gospel, who received the God-given oracles by the hearing of the ear, who were initiated by mouths sharpened with the fiery tongues of the Spirit, whom not an angel, not a man, but the Lord himself taught through his adorable mouth ('for the only-begotten Son, who is in the bosom of the Father, he has declared him'), how not to these chosen ones from every nation, to the

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ἀναγκαιότατον εἶναι διδάσκεις κἀπί ταύτῃ σεμνύνεσθαι,καί παραχαράττειν οὐκ ὀκνεῖς ἑτέρας ρήσεις αὐτοῦ , μόνον ἵν᾿ ἔχῃς προβαλλόμενος πείθειν ὡς τελείας ἐστί καί σωτηρίου καθάρσεως ποιητικά τά μαθήματα˙ οὕτω καί μόνος αὐτός ὑπέρ πάντας τῶν ἁγίων ἀσφαλῶς ἔχῃ. Καί τοῦ μεγάλου Βασιλείου σαφῶς εἰπόντος μηδέν ἐμπόδιον εἶναι πρός τήν ἐν ἐπαγγελίαις μακαριότητα τό μή εἰδέναι τήν δι᾿ οὐρανοῦ καί γῆς καί τῶν μεταξύ στοιχείων διικνουμένην ἀλήθειαν, σύ τοῦτο σωτηριῶδες ἀποφαίνῃ, καί ἄνευ τούτου τελειότητα μή παρεῖναι τῇ διά πάντων ἀληθείᾳ τόν ἑαυοῦ τινα ἐναρμόσαι νοῦν˙ καί εἴθε τῇ ἀληθείᾳ γοῦν, εἰ δεῖ καί ὑπέρ τῶν ἀνεφίκτων εὔξασθαι˙ καί γάρ ἐν Θεῷ μόνῳ πάντων ἡ γνῶσις, ὅς φησι πρός τόν Ἰώβ, «ἀπάγγειλόν μοι, εἰ ἐπίστασαι σύνεσιν, ποῦ οἱ στύλοι τῆς γῆς πεπήγασι, τίνες δέ πηγαί θαλάσσης, πόσον δέ τό εὗρος τῆς ὑπ᾿ οὐρανόν». Σύ δέ οὐ ταύτῃ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ζητῶν ἐναρμόζειν σου τόν νοῦν οἴει μόνος εἰδέναι τε καί ἔχειν τήν τελειότητα, ἀλλά τοῖς Ἀριστοτέλει καί Πλάτωνι. Εὐκλείδῃ τε καί (σελ418) Πτολεμαίῳ καί ὅσοι κατ᾿ αὐτούς˙ διό καί ἀστρολόγους καί φυσιολόγους θεόπτας μᾶλλον τῶν μή τοιούτων ἡγῇ, ὡς περί τήν τῶν ὄντων ἀλήθειαν ὑγιῶς τό λογικόν σφίσι περιπορευόμενον ἔχοντας, ἧς τῇ συνελίξει καί τῶν ἰσαγγέλων αὐτούς καταξιοῖς νοήσεων˙ καί ταῦτα λέγων οἴει σωτηρίως καί ἀσφαλῶς ἕπεσθαι τῷ θεοφάντορι ∆ιονυσίῳ καί ὁδηγός ἡμῶν ἀπλανής εἶναι διά τοῦτο παρρησιάζῃ.

Ἀλλά μή καυχάσθω ὁ κυρτός ὡς ὀρθός˙ τούς γάρ ὁρῶντας αὐτόν οὐ πείσει οὐδ᾿ ἀπατήσει, κἄν ἑαυτόν ἀπατᾷ˙ μηδέ καταψευδέσθω τῶν ὀρθά φρονούντων καί τοῖς θεηγόροις ἀσφαλῶς ἑπομένων, καί ταῦτ᾿ ἐφ᾿ ὧν οὐδείς οὐδαμοῦ γῆς, οὐδέ τῶν μή στοιχούντων τῷ τῆς χάριτος εὐαγγελίῳ, ἐλεγχθείη ἄν ἀρτίως τελέως σφαλλόμενος. Τίς γάρ μή ὅτι τῶν ἀπό Χριστοῦ καλουμένων, ἀλλά κἄν Σκύθης κἄν Πέρσης κἄν Ἰνδός ᾖ, ὅς νῦν οὐκ οἶδε τόν Θεόν μηδέν ὄντα τῶν κτιστῶν ἤ τῶν αἰσθητῶν; Ὡς γάρ ἐπί τῆς μελλούσης Χριστοῦ παρουσίας οὐ τοῖς εἰς αὐτόν πεπιστευκόσι μόνοις ἡ τῆς ἀναστάσεως καί τῆς ἀθανασίας περικλείεται χάρις, ἀλλά κατά τά λόγια κοινῇ πάντες ἀναστήσονται, εἰ καί μή κοινῇ πάντες τῶν μετά τήν ἀνάστασιν ἐπηγγελμένων τεύξονται, οὕτω καί νῦν κατά τήν ἐπί γῆς αὐτοῦ προτέραν παρουσίαν, εἰ καί μή πάντες ὑπήκουσαν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἀλλά κοινῇ πάντες, τῷ περιόντι τῆς τοῦ παραγενομένου χάριτος ἀνεπιγνώστως μετασκευασθέντες, ἕνα Θεόν ὁμολογοῦσιν ἄκτιστον, κτίστην τοῦ παντός˙ κἄν ἐρωτήσῃς τόν Πάρθον, τόν Πέρσην, τήν Σαυρομάτην, ἀκούσειας ἄν εὐθύς τήν ἀβραμιαίαν ἐκείνην παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ φωνήν, ὅτι «τόν Θεόν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐγώ σέβομαι», ὅ Πτολεμαῖος οὐκ ἄν εἶπε καί Ἵππαρχος καί Μαρῖνος ὁ Τύριος, οἱ κατά σέ σοφοί καί τῇ μέν διά τῶν οὐρανίων κύκλων (σελ. 420) καί ἐπικύκλων καί σφαιρῶν ἀληθείᾳ τόν ἑαυτῶν ἐναρμόσαντες νοῦν, θεῖον δ᾿ ὅμως λέγοντες τόν οὐρανόν καί παναίτιον, οὐδ᾿ Ἀριστοτέλεις καί Πλάτωνες, οἱ θεῶν σώματα τούς ἀστέρας δοξάζοντες, οὐδ᾿ οἱ τόσον λέγοντες τούς θεῶν πηδᾶν ἵππους, ὅσον ἀπό σκοπιᾶς ὀφθαλμός ὁρᾷ ἐπί οἴνωπα πόντον.

Πάντων οὖν ἀρτίως διά τοῦ ἐν σκοτίᾳ λάμψαντος φωτός κρεῖττον ἤ κατά τούς ἐπί σοφίᾳ ποτέ θαυμαζομένους ἐκείνους ὑπέρ αἴσθησιν ἐγνωκότων τόν Θεόν, ὡς μηδ᾿ ἀπό τῶν ὄντων ἔτι διαπλάττοντας χαρακτηρίζειν ὅλως ἀνέχεσθαι, πῶς οὐ τοῖς τοῦ εὐαγγελίου μαθηταῖς, τοῖς εἰς ἀκοήν ὠτίου δεξαμένοις τά θεοπαράδοτα λόγια, τοῖς διά στομάτων μεμυημένοις πυρίναις γλώσσαις τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐστομωμένων, οὕς οὐκ ἄγγελος, οὐκ ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλ᾿ αὐτός ὁ Κύριος διά τοῦ προσκυνητοῦ στόματος ἐδίδαξεν («ὁ γάρ μονογενής Υἱός, ὁ ὤν εἰς τόν κόλπον τοῦ Πατρός, ἐκεῖνος ἐξηγήσατο»), πῶς οὐ τούτοις τοῖς ἐκ παντός ἔθνους ἀπολέκτοις, τῷ