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only, but also a second, stretching the one underneath the sinciput, and wrapping the other around the substance of the brain from above; and the former is harder than the latter. He did this both for the reason mentioned, and so that the brain might not be the first to receive the blows that fall upon the head, but that these meninges, meeting the impacts first, might disperse all the harm, and keep it unharmed. And the fact that the bone covering it is not continuous and one, but has many sutures from all sides, again becomes a source of great safety for it. For the vapors that surround it would have an easy outlet through those sutures, so that it is not suffocated; and if any blow were to be inflicted from somewhere, the damage is not total. For if the bone were one and continuous, a blow falling on one part would have damaged the whole; but now that it is divided into many parts, this would not happen. For even if one part happens to be wounded, only the bone lying in that part is harmed, but all the rest remain unharmed, as the continuity of the blow is broken by the division 49.124 of the bones, and it is not strong enough to extend to the adjacent parts. For this reason God composed its covering from many bones, and just as someone building a house puts a roof and tiles on top, so also God placed these bones on top of the head, and caused hair to grow, so as to be like a kind of felt cap for the head. He did this same thing also for the heart. For since the heart is the most vital of our members, and to it is entrusted the authority over all our life, and if it is struck by chance, death occurs, He also fenced this in on all sides with tight and hard bones, walling it in behind with the protections of the thorax and the shoulder blades; and what He did for the meninges, this He also worked for it. For so that it would not be chafed and pained by continuously leaping and jumping in moments of passion and such impulses and striking against the hardness of the bones fencing it in, He stretched many membranes there, and placed the lung underneath, setting it like a soft mattress for its leaps, so that breaking against this without pain, it might suffer nothing unpleasant. And why do I speak about the brain and the heart, when if someone were to inquire even about the nails themselves, he would see in these too much of the wisdom of God being displayed, both from their shape, and from their substance, and from their position. It would be possible to say also for what reason not all our fingers are of equal length, and many other things more than these; but even from what has been said, the wisdom of God who created us shines forth sufficiently for those willing to pay attention; wherefore, leaving this part for the industrious to work out with accuracy, I will turn to another objection. 4. For many along with the things mentioned also raise this objection: Why is it, if man is the king of irrational creatures, that many of the animals surpass him in strength and keenness and speed? for a horse is swifter than a man, and an ox is more enduring, and an eagle is lighter, and a lion is stronger. What then shall we say to these things? That precisely from this we shall know the wisdom of God, and the honor with which He has honored us. For a horse is swifter than a man, but for speed in travel a man is better suited than a horse; for a horse, even if it be the swiftest and strongest of all, will barely run two hundred stades in a day; but a man, by harnessing many horses in succession, will be able to cover two thousand stades. So what speed is to the one, reason and skill have provided to the other with greater superiority; for man does not have strong feet like that one, but he has that one's feet serving him no less than his own. For of the irrational animals, not one is able to yoke another for its own use, but man comes upon all, and through the varied skill given to him by God, for the most

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μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ δεύτερον, τὸν μὲν ὑποτείνας τῷ βρέγματι κάτωθεν, τὸν δὲ ἄνωθεν περιβαλὼν τῇ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου σαρκί· καὶ ἔστιν ἐκεῖνος τούτου σκληρότερος. Τοῦτο δὲ ἐποίησε διά τε τὴν εἰρημένην αἰτίαν, καὶ ἵνα τὰς φερομένας ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς πληγὰς μὴ πρῶτος ὁ ἐγκέφαλος δέχηται, ἀλλὰ προαπαντῶσαι αἱ μήνιγγες αὗται ταῖς βολαῖς τὴν βλάβην διαλύωσιν ἅπασαν, καὶ ἀνεπηρέαστον αὐτὸν διατηρῶσι. Καὶ τὸ μὴ συνεχές τε καὶ ἓν εἶναι τὸ καλύπτον αὐτὸν ὀστοῦν, ἀλλὰ πολλὰς πανταχόθεν ἔχειν ῥαφὰς, πολλῆς ἀσφαλείας αὐτῷ πάλιν ὑπόθεσις γίνεται. Τῶν τε γὰρ συνεχόντων αὐτὸν ἀτμῶν εἰς τὸ ἔξω ῥᾳδία γένοιτ' ἂν ἀναπνοὴ διὰ τῶν ῥαφῶν ἐκείνων, ὥστε αὐτὸν μὴ συμπνίγεσθαι· πληγή τε εἵ τις ἐπενεχθείη ποθὲν, οὐχ ὁλοσχερὴς γίνεται ἡ βλάβη. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἓν καὶ συνεχὲς ἦν τὸ ὀστοῦν, καὶ εἰς ἓν μέρος κατενεχθεῖσα ἡ πληγὴ τὸ πᾶν ἐλυμήνατο ἄν· τῷ δὲ εἰς πολλὰ διαιρεῖσθαι νῦν, οὐκ ἂν γένοιτο τοῦτο. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ συμβαίη τρωθῆναι μέρος ἓν, τὸ κατ' ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέρος ὀστοῦν κείμενον παραβλάπτεται μόνον, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ ἀσινῆ μένει πάντα, τοῦ συνεχοῦς τῆς πληγῆς διακοπτομένου τῇ τῶν ὀστῶν διαι 49.124 ρέσει, καὶ οὐκ ἰσχύοντος εἰς τὰ παρακείμενα ἐκταθῆναι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἐκ πολλῶν αὐτοῦ τὴν σκέπην ὀστῶν συνέθηκεν ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ καθάπερ οἰκίαν τις οἰκοδομῶν, στέγην καὶ κεραμῖδας ἄνωθεν ἐπιτίθησιν· οὕτω καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ ταῦτα ἐπέθηκεν ἄνωθεν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ τρίχας βλαστάνειν παρεσκεύασεν, ὥστε ἀντὶ πιλημάτων τινῶν εἶναι τῇ κεφαλῇ. Τὸ αὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς καρδίας ἐποίησεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὸ κυριώτατόν ἐστι τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν μελῶν ἡ καρδία, καὶ τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν ἁπάσης αὕτη τὸ κῦρος ἐγκεχείρισται, καὶ τὸ τυχὸν πληγείσης αὐτῆς θάνατος γίνεται, στεγανοῖς καὶ σκληροῖς ὀστοῖς καὶ ταύτην πανταχόθεν περιέφραξε, ταῖς τοῦ θώρακος προβολαῖς καὶ ταῖς ὠμοπλάταις ὄπισθεν τειχίσας αὐτήν· καὶ ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν μηνίγγων ἐποίησε, τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτης εἰργάσατο. Ὥστε γὰρ μὴ συνεχῶς ἁλλομένην αὐτὴν καὶ πηδῶσαν ἐν τοῖς θυμοῖς καὶ ταῖς τοιαύταις ὁρμαῖς καὶ τῇ σκληρότητι τῶν ὀστῶν ἐγκρούουσαν τῶν περιφραττόντων αὐτὴν παρατρίβεσθαι καὶ ὀδυνᾶσθαι, ὑμένας τε ὑπέτεινεν ἐκεῖ πολλοὺς, καὶ τὸν πνεύμονα ὑπέθηκεν ὥσπερ ἁπαλὸν στρῶμα τοῖς ἅλμασιν αὐτῆς παραθεὶς, ἵνα ἀλύπως ἐῤῥηγνυμένη τούτῳ, μηδὲν ἀηδὲς πάσχῃ. Καὶ τί λέγω περὶ ἐγκεφάλου καὶ καρδίας, ὅπου γε εἴ τις καὶ περὶ τῶν ὀνύχων αὐτῶν ζητήσειε, πολλὴν καὶ ἐν τούτοις ὄψεται τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ διαδεικνυμένην, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ σχήματος αὐτῶν, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς οὐσίας, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς θέσεως. Ἐνῆν δὲ εἰπεῖν καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν οὐκ ἰσόμετροι πάντες ἡμῖν εἰσιν οἱ δάκτυλοι, καὶ πολλὰ ἕτερα τούτων πλείονα· ἀλλ' ἀρκούντως καὶ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων τοῖς ἐθέλουσι προσέχειν ἡ σοφία τοῦ δημιουργήσαντος ἡμᾶς διαλάμπει Θεοῦ· διόπερ ἀφεὶς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος τοῖς φιλοπόνοις ἐξεργάσασθαι μετὰ ἀκριβείας, ἐφ' ἑτέραν ἀντίθεσιν τρέψομαι. δʹ. Καὶ γὰρ πολλοὶ μετὰ τῶν εἰρημένων κἀκεῖνο ἀντιλέγουσι· Τί δήποτε, εἰ βασιλεὺς τῶν ἀλόγων ἐστὶν ὁ ἄνθρωπος, καὶ ῥώμῃ καὶ ὀξύτητι καὶ τάχει πολλὰ τῶν ζώων αὐτοῦ πλεονεκτεῖ; καὶ γὰρ ταχύτερον ἵππος ἀνθρώπου, καὶ τλητικώτερον βοῦς, καὶ κουφότερον ἀετὸς, καὶ ἰοχυρότερον λέων. Τί οὖν ἂν εἴποιμεν πρὸς ταῦτα; Ὅτι καὶ ἐντεῦθεν μάλιστα εἰσόμεθα τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν σοφίαν, καὶ τὴν τιμὴν ἣν ἡμᾶς ἐτίμησε. Ταχύτερον μὲν γὰρ ἵππος ἀνθρώπου, ἀλλ' εἰς ἀποδημίας τάχος ἐπιτηδειότερον ἄνθρωπος ἵππου· ἵππος μὲν γὰρ, κἂν πάντων ὀξύτατος καὶ ἀλκιμώτατος ᾖ, μόλις διακοσίους δραμεῖται τῆς ἡμέρας σταδίους· ἄνθρωπος δὲ ὑποζεύξας ἵππους ἐκ διαδοχῆς πολλοὺς, καὶ δισχιλίους δυνήσεται σταδίους διανύσαι. Ὥστε ὅπερ ἐκείνῳ τὸ τάχος, τούτῳ ὁ λογισμὸς καὶ ἡ τέχνη παρέσχε μετὰ πλείονος τῆς ὑπερβολῆς· οὐκ ἔχει μὲν γὰρ πόδας ἰσχυροὺς ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνος, ἔχει δὲ τοὺς ἐκείνου τῶν ἑαυτοῦ οὐκ ἔλαττον αὐτῷ διακονουμένους. Τῶν μὲν γὰρ ἀλόγων οὐδὲ ἓν ζώων ἕτερον πρὸς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ χρείαν ὑποζεῦξαι δύναται, ὁ δὲ ἄνθρωπος πάντα ἔπεισι, καὶ διὰ τῆς ποικίλης τέχνης τῆς παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ δοθείσης αὐτῷ, πρὸς τὴν μάλιστα