John Chrysostom, On John

has come to be, having been reported more accurately by those who knew them from the beginning. Then, therefore, Jesus made wine from water; and then and now he does not cease from changing weak and dissolute wills. For there are, there are men no different from water, so cold and weak and never stable. Let us bring those who are so disposed to the Lord, so that He may change their will into the quality of wine, so that it may no longer be fluid, but have astringency, and they may become a cause of gladness both to themselves and to others. Who would these cold ones be, but those who attend to the fleeting 59.137 affairs of this present life, who do not scorn the luxury here, the lovers of glory and power? For all these things are streams, standing still nowhere, but always carried down a slope with great force. For he who is rich today, is poor tomorrow; he who today appears with a herald and a belt and a chariot and many lictors, has often on the next day inhabited a prison, unwillingly yielding that pageantry to another. Again, the one who lives in luxury and is dissipated, when he has burst his own stomach, cannot for a single day hold onto the provision that has come to him from these things, but, when that has been exhaled, he is forced to add other things again, being no different from a torrent. For just as there, when the former stream moves on, others come again; so also here, when the former food departs, we need other food again. And such is the nature of the things of this life, having been allotted never to stand still, but always to flow and be carried away. But in the case of luxury, it is not only this flowing by and running past, but it also provides us with many other troubles. For in passing by with force it scrapes away the strength of the body, and it carries away the courage of the soul; and the violent currents of rivers are not so accustomed to eat away the banks, and to make them sink, as luxury and extravagance easily undermine all the foundations of our health. And if you should go into a physician's office, and approaching, should ask, you will find that almost all the causes of diseases are from there. For frugality and a simple table, is the mother of health. For this reason also the sons of physicians have so named it, calling not being sated, health; For lack of satiety in food, is health; and saying that to feast sparingly is the mother of health. But if want is the mother of health, it is evident that fullness is the mother of sickness and infirmity, and gives birth 59.138 to ailments that surpass even the skill of physicians. For gout, and heaviness of the head, and dimness of sight, and pains in the hands, and tremors, and palsies, and jaundice, and long and burning fevers, and many more things than these (for it is not the time to go through them all), are naturally born not from want and a philosopher's diet, but from gluttony and fullness. But if you wish also to see the diseases of the soul that grow from this, you will see that greed, stupidity, melancholy, sluggishness, licentiousness, all ignorance has its beginning from here. For the souls that live in luxury become no better than donkeys from such tables, being torn apart by such beasts. Shall I also speak of how many griefs and displeasures those have who are devoted to luxury? But it is not possible to go through them all; but with this one main point I will make the whole matter clear. For they never taste of the table, I mean this sumptuous one, with pleasure. For want, just as it is the mother of health, so also is it of pleasure; but fullness, just as it is of diseases, so also is it the source and root of displeasure. For where there is satiety, there can be no desire; and when desire is not present, how could there ever be pleasure? For this reason we would find the poor not only more prudent and healthier than the rich, but also enjoying more gladness. Considering all these things, let us flee drunkenness and luxury, not only that at tables, but also all other kinds in the affairs of life; and in exchange for that let us receive the pleasure from spiritual things, and according to the Prophet let us delight in the Lord (For delight in

γέγονεν, ὑπὸ τῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰδότων αὐτὰ ἀκριβέστερον ἀγγελθέντα. Τότε μὲν οὖν οἶνον ἐξ ὕδατος ἐποίησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς· καὶ τότε δὲ καὶ νῦν προαιρέσεις χαύνας καὶ διαῤῥεούσας μεταβάλλων οὐ παύεται. Εἰσὶ γὰρ, εἰσὶν ἄνθρωποι οὐδὲν ὕδατος διαφέροντες, οὕτω ψυχροὶ καὶ χαῦνοι καὶ οὐδέποτε ἑστηκότες. Τοὺς δὴ οὕτω διακειμένους προσάγωμεν τῷ Κυρίῳ, ὥστε αὐτῶν τὴν προαίρεσιν εἰς τὴν τοῦ οἴνου μεταθεῖναι ἕξιν, ὥστε μηκέτι διαῤῥεῖν, ἀλλ' ἔχειν τὸ ἐπεστυμμένον, καὶ εὐφροσύνης καὶ ἑαυτοῖς καὶ ἑτέροις γίνεσθαι αἰτίους. Τίνες δ' ἂν εἶεν οὗτοι οἱ ψυχροὶ, ἢ οἱ τοῖς ῥέουσι 59.137 τοῦ παρόντος βίου προσέχοντες πράγμασιν, οἱ μὴ καταγελῶντες τῆς ἐνταῦθα τρυφῆς, οἱ δόξης καὶ δυναστείας ἐρασταί; Ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα ῥεύματά ἐστιν, ἱστάμενα μὲν οὐδαμοῦ, κατὰ δὲ πρανοῦς ἀεὶ φερόμενα μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς ῥύμης. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ σήμερον πλούσιος, αὔριον πένης· ὁ σήμερον μετὰ κήρυκος καὶ ζώνης καὶ ὀχήματος καὶ πολλῶν τῶν ῥαβδούχων φαινόμενος, πολλάκις τῇ ἑξῆς ἡμέρᾳ τὸ δεσμωτήριον ᾤκησεν, ἑτέρῳ καὶ ἄκων τῆς φαντασίας παραχωρήσας ἐκείνης. Ὁ τρυφῶν πάλιν καὶ διασπώμενος, ἐπειδὰν διαῤῥήξῃ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γαστέρα, μέχρι μιᾶς ἡμέρας οὐ δύναται τὴν ἐκ τούτων ἐγγενομένην αὐτῷ χορηγίαν κατασχεῖν, ἀλλὰ, διαπνευσθείσης ἐκείνης, ἀναγκάζεται πάλιν ἕτερα ἐπεμβάλλειν, οὐδὲν διαφέρων χειμάῤῥου. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐκεῖ τοῦ προτέρου ῥεύματος προχωροῦντος, ἕτερα ἐπέρχεται πάλιν· οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα, τῆς προτέρας ἐξισταμένης τροφῆς, ἑτέρας ἡμῖν δεῖ πάλιν. Καὶ τοιαύτη τῶν βιωτικῶν ἡ φύσις, τὸ μηδέποτε ἑστάναι λαχοῦσα, ἀλλ' ἀεὶ ῥεῖν καὶ παρασύρεσθαι. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς τρυφῆς, οὐ τοῦτο μόνον ἐστὶ τὸ παραῤῥεῖν καὶ παρατρέχειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλὰ ἡμῖν ἕτερα παρέχει πράγματα. Ἐν τῷ γὰρ παριέναι μετὰ ῥύμης τό τε ἰσχυρὸν ἀποξύει τοῦ σώματος, τό τε ἀνδρεῖον παρασύρει τῆς ψυχῆς· καὶ οὐχ οὕτω τὰ σφοδρὰ τῶν ποταμίων ῥευμάτων τὰς ὄχθας εἴωθε διατρώγειν, καὶ ποιεῖν ὑφιζάνειν, ὡς τρυφὴ καὶ σπατάλη τὰ τῆς ὑγείας ἡμῶν ἐρείσματα πάντα ὑποσύρει ῥᾳδίως. Κἂν ἔλθῃς εἰς ἰατρεῖον, καὶ προσελθὼν ἐρωτήσῃς, πάσας σχεδὸν τῶν νοσημάτων τὰς αἰτίας ἐκεῖθεν εὑρήσεις οὔσας. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ εὐτέλεια καὶ ἡ λιτὴ τράπεζα, ὑγείας μήτηρ ἐστίν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἰατρῶν παῖδες οὕτως αὐτὴν ὠνόμασαν, τό γε μὴ κορέννυσθαι, ὑγείαν καλέσαντες· Ἀκορίη γὰρ τροφῆς, ὑγιείη· τό τε ἐνδεῶς ἑστιᾶσθαι, μητέρα ὑγείας εἰπόντες. Εἰ δὲ ἡ ἔνδεια μήτηρ ὑγείας, εὔδηλον ὅτι ἡ πλησμονὴ μήτηρ νόσου καὶ ἀῤῥωστίας ἐστὶ, καὶ τίκτει 59.138 πάθη καὶ αὐτῶν ὑπερβαίνοντα τῶν ἰατρῶν τὴν τέχνην. Καὶ γὰρ ποδαλγίαι, καὶ καρηβαρίαι, καὶ ἀμβλυωπίαι, καὶ χειραλγίαι, καὶ τρόμοι, καὶ παρέσεις, καὶ ἴκτερος, καὶ πυρετοὶ μακροὶ καὶ φλογώδεις, καὶ ἕτερα τούτων πολλῷ πλείονα (οὐ γὰρ καιρὸς πάντα ἐπιέναι), οὐκ ἀπὸ ἐνδείας καὶ φιλοσόφου διαίτης, ἀλλ' ἐξ ἀδηφαγίας καὶ πλησμονῆς τίκτεσθαι πέφυκεν. Εἰ δὲ βούλει καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς τὰς νόσους ἰδεῖν τὰς ἐντεῦθεν φυομένας, ὄψει ὅτι πλεονεξίαι, βλακεῖαι, μελαγχολίαι, νωθεῖαι, ἀσέλγειαι, ἀμαθία πᾶσα ἐντεῦθεν ἔχει τὴν ἀρχήν. Ὄνων γὰρ οὐδὲν ἄμεινον ἀπὸ τῶν τοιούτων τραπεζῶν αἱ τρυφῶσαι γίνονται ψυχαὶ, ὑπὸ τοιούτων διασπώμεναι θηρίων. Εἴπω καὶ λύπας ὅσας ἔχουσι καὶ ἀηδίας οἱ προσεδρεύοντες τῇ τρυφῇ; Ἀλλὰ πάσας μὲν ἐπελθεῖν οὐ δυνατόν· ἑνὶ δὲ καὶ τούτῳ κεφαλαίῳ τὸ πᾶν ποιήσω φανερόν. Τῆς γὰρ τραπέζης, ταύτης δὲ λέγω τῆς πολυτελοῦς, μεθ' ἡδονῆς οὐδέποτε ἀπογεύονται. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἔνδεια, ὥσπερ ὑγείας, οὕτω καὶ ἡδονῆς μήτηρ ἐστίν· ἡ πλησμονὴ δὲ, ὥσπερ νόσων, οὕτω καὶ ἀηδίας ἐστὶ πηγὴ καὶ ῥίζα. Ἔνθα γὰρ ἂν ᾖ κόρος, ἐπιθυμίαν εἶναι οὐκ ἔστιν· ἐπιθυμίας δὲ οὐκ οὔσης, πῶς ἂν εἴη ποτὲ ἡδονή; ∆ιὰ τοῦτο οὐ μόνον συνετωτέρους καὶ ὑγιεινοτέρους τοὺς πενομένους τῶν πλουσίων εὕροιμεν ἂν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πλείονα καρπουμένους τὴν εὐφροσύνην. Ἅπερ πάντα ἐννοήσαντες, φύγωμεν μέθην τε καὶ τρυφὴν, μὴ τὴν ἐν τραπέζαις μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ἅπασαν τὴν ἐν πράγμασι βιωτικοῖς· καὶ ἀντ' ἐκείνης ἀνταλλαξώμεθα τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν πνευματικῶν ἡδονὴν, καὶ κατὰ τὸν Προφήτην κατατρυφήσωμεν τοῦ Κυρίου (Κατατρύφησον γὰρ