John Chrysostom, On Matthew

healed only, but also set souls aright, and again from the care of these He passed over to the healing of those, diversifying the benefit at the same time, and mingling with the teaching of words the demonstration from His works, and stopping the shameless mouths of the heretics, by which He took care of each substance, showing that He Himself is the Creator of the whole living being. Therefore He also imparted much providence to each nature, now correcting that one, now this one. Which indeed He also did then. For opening, it says, His mouth, He taught them. And for what reason is added, Opening His mouth? That you may learn that He taught even while silent, not only by speaking, but now opening His mouth, and now sending forth the voice from His works. But when you hear, that He taught them, do not think He was discoursing with His disciples only, but also through them to all. For since the multitude was of common people, and also still of those who creep on the ground, having set up the choir of the disciples, He directs His words to them, in His discourse to them making the teaching of philosophy unburdensome also to all the rest, who were greatly in want of what was said. Which indeed Luke also, hinting at this, said, that He directed His word towards them; and Matthew, indicating this very thing, wrote that, His disciples came to Him, and He taught them. For thus the rest were likely to attend more eagerly than if He had addressed them all. Whence then does He begin, and what foundations does He lay for our new way of life? Let us hear with accuracy what is said; for it was spoken to them, but it was written also for all who came after them. For this reason indeed He addressed the disciples in His public speaking; but He does not limit what is said to them, but brings forward all the beatitudes indefinitely. For He did not say, Blessed are you, if you become poor, but, Blessed are the poor. And yet even if He had spoken to them, the counsel would have become common. For when He says: Behold, I am with you all the days 57.224 until the end of the age; He is not discoursing with them alone, but also through them to the whole world; and when He blesses them for being persecuted and driven out and suffering incurable things, He weaves the crown not for them only, but for all who achieve the same things. But that this may become clearer, and that you may learn that what is said has much in common with you, and indeed with all human nature, if anyone wishes to pay attention, hear how He begins these wonderful words: Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. What is, The poor in spirit? The humble and contrite in mind. For here He has called the soul and the purpose, spirit. For since there are many who are humble, not willingly, but compelled by the necessity of circumstances, He sets those aside (for this would not be a praiseworthy thing), and first blesses those who humble and restrain themselves from their own choice. And why did He not say, The humble, but, The poor? Because this is more than that. For here He means those who are utterly abased, and who tremble at the commandments of God, whom also God, strongly approving through Isaiah the prophet, said: On whom shall I look, but on him that is meek and quiet, and trembles at my words? 2. For there are many ways of humility; one is humble in due measure, another with all excess This humility the blessed prophet also praises, not describing for us a mind simply restrained, but one exceedingly crushed, through what he says: A sacrifice to God is a contrite spirit, a contrite and humbled heart God will not despise. And the three children also offer this to God instead of a great sacrifice, saying: But let us be accepted in a contrite soul and a spirit of humility. This Christ also now blesses. For since the greatest of

ἐθεράπευε μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ψυχὰς διώρθου, καὶ πάλιν ἀπὸ τῆς τούτων ἐπιμελείας ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκείνων μετέβαινε θεραπείαν, ποικίλλων τε ὁμοῦ τὴν ὠφέλειαν, καὶ ἀναμιγνὺς τῇ τῶν λόγων διδασκαλίᾳ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων ἐπίδειξιν, καὶ τὰ ἀναίσχυντα τῶν αἱρετικῶν ἐμφράττων στόματα, δι' ὧν ἑκατέρας οὐσίας ἐκήδετο, δεικνὺς ὅτι ὁλοκλήρου τοῦ ζώου αὐτός ἐστι ∆ημιουργός. ∆ιὸ καὶ πολλῆς ἑκατέρᾳ τῇ φύσει μετεδίδου προνοίας, νῦν μὲν ἐκείνην, νῦν δὲ ταύτην διορθούμενος. Ὃ δὴ καὶ τότε ἐποίει. Ἀνοίξας γὰρ, φησὶ, τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ, ἐδίδασκεν αὐτούς. Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν πρόσκειται τὸ, Ἀνοίξας τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ; Ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι καὶ σιγῶν ἐπαίδευεν, οὐχὶ φθεγγόμενος μόνον, ἀλλὰ νῦν μὲν τὸ στόμα ἀνοίγων, νῦν δὲ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων ἀφιεὶς φωνήν. Ὅταν δὲ ἀκούσῃς, ὅτι Ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς, μὴ τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτὸν διαλέγεσθαι νόμιζε μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ δι' ἐκείνων ἅπασιν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὸ πλῆθος δημῶδες ἦν, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῶν χαμαὶ συρομένων, τῶν μαθητῶν τὸν χορὸν ὑποστησάμενος, πρὸς ἐκείνους ποιεῖται τοὺς λόγους, ἐν τῇ πρὸς αὐτοὺς διαλέξει καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς ἅπασι, τοῖς σφόδρα ἀποδέουσι τῶν λεγομένων, ἀνεπαχθῆ γίνεσθαι παρασκευάζων τῆς φιλοσοφίας τὴν διδασκαλίαν. Ὅπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ Λουκᾶς αἰνιττόμενος ἔλεγεν, ὅτι τὸν λόγον ἀπέστρεψε πρὸς αὐτούς· καὶ ὁ Ματθαῖος δὲ αὐτὸ τοῦτο δηλῶν ἔγραφεν, ὅτι Προσῆλθον αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐδίδασκεν. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ προσέχειν ἔμελλον προθυμότερον, ἢ εἰ πρὸς ἅπαντας ἀπετείνατο. Πόθεν οὖν ἄρχεται, καὶ ποῖα θεμέλια τίθησι τῆς καινῆς πολιτείας ἡμῖν; Ἀκούσωμεν μετὰ ἀκριβείας τῶν λεγομένων· εἴρηται μὲν γὰρ πρὸς ἐκείνους, ἐγράφη δὲ καὶ διὰ τοὺς μετὰ ταῦτα ἅπαντας. ∆ιὰ δὴ τοῦτο προσεῖχε μὲν τοῖς μαθηταῖς δημηγορῶν· οὐκ εἰς ἐκείνους δὲ περιίστησι τὰ λεγόμενα, ἀλλ' ἀδιορίστως προσάγει τοὺς μακαρισμοὺς ἅπαντας. Οὐδὲ γὰρ εἶπε, Μακάριοί ἐστε ὑμεῖς, ἐὰν πτωχοὶ γένησθε, ἀλλὰ, Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοί. Καίτοι καὶ εἰ ἐκείνους εἰρήκει, κοινὰ τὰ τῆς συμβουλῆς ἔμελλε γίνεσθαι. Καὶ γὰρ ὅταν λέγῃ· Ἰδοὺ μεθ' ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέ 57.224 ρας ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος· οὐ πρὸς ἐκείνους διαλέγεται μόνους, ἀλλὰ καὶ δι' ἐκείνων πρὸς τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν· καὶ ὅταν αὐτοὺς μακαρίζῃ διωκομένους καὶ ἐλαυνομένους καὶ τὰ ἀνήκεστα πάσχοντας, οὐκ ἐκείνοις μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς τὰ αὐτὰ κατορθοῦσι πλέκει τὸν στέφανον. Πλὴν ἀλλ' ἵνα καὶ σαφέστερον τοῦτο γένηται, καὶ μάθῃς ὅτι πρὸς σὲ ἔχει κοινωνίαν πολλὴν τὰ λεγόμενα, καὶ πρὸς τὴν φύσιν δὲ ἅπασαν τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην, εἴ τις βούλοιτο προσέχειν, ἄκουσον πῶς τῶν θαυμασίων τούτων ἄρχεται λόγων· Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. Τί ἐστιν, Οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι; Οἱ ταπεινοὶ καὶ συντετριμμένοι τὴν διάνοιαν. Πνεῦμα γὰρ ἐνταῦθα τὴν ψυχὴν καὶ τὴν προαίρεσιν εἴρηκεν. Ἐπειδὴ γάρ εἰσι πολλοὶ ταπεινοὶ, οὐχ ἑκόντες, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων ἀνάγκης βιαζόμενοι, ἀφεὶς ἐκείνους (οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν εἴη τοῦτο ἐγκώμιον), τοὺς ἀπὸ προαιρέσεως ἑαυτοὺς ταπεινοῦντας καὶ καταστέλλοντας μακαρίζει πρώτους. Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν οὐκ εἶπεν, Οἱ ταπεινοὶ, ἀλλ', Οἱ πτωχοί; Ὅτι τοῦτο ἐκείνου πλέον. Τοὺς γὰρ κατεπτηχότας ἐνταῦθά φησι, καὶ τρέμοντας τοῦ Θεοῦ τὰ ἐπιτάγματα, οὓς καὶ διὰ Ἡσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου σφόδρα ἀποδεχόμενος ὁ Θεὸς, ἔλεγεν· Ἐπὶ τίνα ἐπιβλέψω, ἀλλ' ἢ ἐπὶ τὸν πρᾶον καὶ ἡσύχιον, καὶ τρέμοντά μου τοὺς λόγους; βʹ. Καὶ γὰρ πολλοὶ τῆς ταπεινοφροσύνης οἱ τρόποι· καὶ ὁ μέν ἐστι ταπεινὸς συμμέτρως, ὁ δὲ μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς ἁπάσης Ταύτην καὶ ὁ μακάριος προφήτης ἐπαινεῖ τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην, οὐ τὴν ἁπλῶς κατεσταλμένην ἡμῖν διάνοιαν ὑπογράφων, ἀλλὰ τὴν σφόδρα συντεθραυμένην, δι' ὧν φησι· Θυσία τῷ Θεῷ πνεῦμα συντετριμμένον, καρδίαν συντετριμμένην καὶ τεταπεινωμένην ὁ Θεὸς οὐκ ἐξουδενώσει. Καὶ οἱ παῖδες δὲ οἱ τρεῖς ταύτην ἀντὶ θυσίας μεγάλης προσάγουσι τῷ Θεῷ, λέγοντες· Ἀλλ' ἐν ψυχῇ συντετριμμένῃ καὶ πνεύματι ταπεινώσεως προσδεχθείημεν. Ταύτην καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς μακαρίζει νῦν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὰ μέγιστα τῶν