John Chrysostom, To the People of Antioch

not because He made only the sun and the heaven, but because He also made the ant; for though the creature is small, it holds great proof of the magnitude of God's wisdom. Consider, then, how intelligent it is, and marvel how God was able to place in so small a body such an unfailing desire for work. And from this creature, learn industry; and from the bee, learn love of beauty, love of labor, and love for one another. For that creature toils and labors each day not for itself more than for us; which is a special characteristic of a Christian, not to seek his own things, but those of others. Therefore, just as that creature flies over all the meadows to prepare a ready table for another, so you also do, O man: if you gather wealth, spend it on others; if you have words of teaching, do not bury them, but set them forth for those in need; if you have any other advantage, be useful to those who need to enjoy your labors. Do you not see that for this reason the bee is more honored than other creatures, not because it toils, but because it toils for others? Since the spider also toils and labors and stretches out fine webs along the walls, surpassing all the wisdom of a woman, but the creature is dishonored, because its work is in no way useful to us. Such are those who toil and labor for themselves. Imitate the guilelessness of the dove, imitate the love for its master of the donkey and the ox, imitate the freedom from care of the birds; for it is possible, 49.130 it is possible to reap great things from the irrational creatures for the correction of morals. From these creatures Christ also speaks to us; For ‘be wise,’ He says, ‘as serpents, and innocent as doves.’ And again: ‘Look at the birds of the air, that they neither sow nor reap, and your heavenly Father feeds them.’ And the prophet, shaming the ungrateful Jews, says something like this: ‘The ox knows its owner, and the donkey its master’s manger, but Israel does not know Me.’ And again, ‘The turtledove and the field swallow, the sparrow, have known the times of their coming, but my people have not known the judgments of the Lord their God.’ From these and such creatures, learn to achieve virtue, and from the opposite ones, be taught to flee vice. For just as the bee is a lover of beauty, so the asp is destructive; turn away, therefore, from evil, that you may not hear: ‘The venom of asps is under their lips.’ Again, the dog is shameless; hate this wickedness also. The fox is deceitful and crafty; do not emulate this disease; but just as the bee, flying over the meadows, does not select everything, but taking what is useful, leaves the rest, so you also do: surveying the race of irrational creatures, if there is anything useful, take it from them; and whatever advantages they have by nature, these you must achieve through choice; for in this you have also been honored by God, that He has granted you to achieve their natural advantages by choice, so that you may also receive rewards. For their achievements are not from choice and reason, but from nature alone. I mean something like this: the bee makes honey, not having learned this by reason and calculation, but being taught by nature; since if the work were not natural, nor allotted to the species, it would be necessary for some of them to be unskilled in the art; but now, from when the world came to be until the present day, no one has seen bees being idle and not making honey. For such are the natural things common to the whole species; but things from choice are not common, for they require effort to be achieved. 3. Therefore, taking all the most beautiful things, clothe yourself; for you are king of the irrational creatures; and kings, if there is anything most beautiful among their subjects, whether gold, or silver, or precious stones, or costly garments, they themselves possess these in abundance; and marvel at your Master from His creation. But if anything of the things seen surpasses you, and you cannot find the reason, for this too glorify the Maker, because the wisdom of the things that are made surpasses your comprehension. Do not say: For what reason

ἐπειδὴ ἥλιον ἐποίησε μόνον καὶ οὐρανὸν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ καὶ μύρμηκα ἐποίησεν· εἰ γὰρ καὶ βραχὺ τὸ ζῶον, ἀλλὰ τοῦ μεγέθους τῆς σοφίας τοῦ Θεοῦ πολλὴν ἔχει τὴν ἀπόδειξιν. Ἐννόησον γοῦν πῶς ἐστι συνετὸν, καὶ θαύμασον, πῶς ἴσχυσεν ὁ Θεὸς ἐν οὕτω βραχεῖ σώματι τοσαύτην ἐγκαταθεῖναι ἐργασίας ἐπιθυμίαν ἀδιάπτωτον. Καὶ ἀπὸ τούτου μὲν τὸ φιλόπονον, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς μελίττης καὶ τὸ φιλόκαλον καὶ τὸ φιλόπονον μάνθανε καὶ τὸ φιλάλληλον. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνη οὐχ ἑαυτῇ μᾶλλον ἢ ἡμῖν πονεῖ καὶ ταλαιπωρεῖται καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν· ὃ μάλιστα ἴδιον Χριστιανῷ, τὸ μὴ τὰ ἑαυτοῦ ζητεῖν, ἀλλὰ τὰ τῶν ἑτέρων. Ὥσπερ οὖν ἐκείνη πάντας περιίπταται τοὺς λειμῶνας, ἵνα ἑτοίμην ἑτέρῳ παρασκευάσῃ τράπεζαν· οὕτω καὶ σὺ ποίησον, ἄνθρωπε, κἂν χρήματα συλλέγῃς, εἰς ἑτέρους βαπάνησον, κἂν λόγους διδασκαλίας ἔχῃς, μὴ κατορύξῃς, ἀλλὰ πρόθες εἰς μέσον τοῖς δεομένοις, κἂν ἕτερον ἔχῃς πλεονέκτημα, γενοῦ χρήσιμος τοῖς δεομένοις τῶν σῶν ἀπολαύειν πόνων. Οὐχ ὁρᾷς ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο μάλιστα τῶν ἄλλων ἐστὶν ἐντιμοτέρα ζώων ἡ μέλιττα, οὐκ ἐπειδὴ πονεῖ, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἑτέροις πονεῖ; ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ ἀράχνης πονεῖ καὶ ταλαιπωρεῖται καὶ λεπτὰ διατείνει κατὰ τοὺς τοίχους ὑφάσματα πᾶσαν γυναικὸς σοφίαν ὑπερβάλλοντα, ἀλλ' ἔστιν ἄτιμον τὸ ζῶον, ἐπειδὴ τὸ ἔργον ἡμῖν οὐδαμοῦ χρήσιμον. Τοιοῦτοί εἰσιν οἱ ἑαυτοῖς κάμνοντες καὶ ταλαιπωρούμενοι. Μίμησαι τῆς περιστερᾶς τὸ ἀκέραιον, μίμησαι τοῦ ὄνου τὸ φιλοδέσποτον καὶ τοῦ βοὸς, μίμησαι τῶν ὀρνίθων τὸ ἀμέριμνον· ἔστι 49.130 γὰρ, ἔστι μεγάλα ἀπὸ τῶν ἀλόγων καρπώσασθαι εἰς ἠθῶν διόρθωσιν. Ἀπὸ τούτων καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς ἡμῖν διαλέγεται τῶν ζώων· Γίνεσθε γὰρ φρόνιμοι, φησὶν, ὡς οἱ ὄφεις, καὶ ἀκέραιοι ὡς αἱ περιστεραί. Καὶ πάλιν· Ἐμβλέψατε εἰς τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ὅτι οὐ σπείρει οὐδὲ θερίζει, καὶ ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος τρέφει αὐτά. Καὶ ὁ προφήτης δὲ ἐντρέπων τοὺς ἀγνώμονας Ἰουδαίους, οὕτω πώς φησιν· Ἔγνω βοῦς τὸν κτησάμενον, καὶ ὄνος τὴν φάτνην τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ, Ἰσραὴλ δέ με οὐκ ἔγνω. Καὶ πάλιν, Τρυγὼν καὶ χελιδὼν ἀγροῦ, στρουθία, ἔγνωσαν καιροὺς εἰσόδων αὐτῶν, ὁ δὲ λαός μου οὐκ ἔγνω τὰ κρίματα Κυρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ αὐτοῦ. Ἀπὸ μὲν τούτων καὶ τῶν τοιούτων ζώων μάνθανε κατορθοῦν ἀρετὴν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἐναντίων παιδεύου φεύγειν κακίαν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ φιλόκαλον ἡ μέλιττα, οὕτως ὀλέθριον ἡ ἀσπίς· ἀποστράφηθι τοίνυν τὴν κακίαν, ἵνα μὴ ἀκούσῃς· Ἰὸς ἀσπίδων ὑπὸ τὰ χείλη αὐτῶν. Ἀναίσχυντον πάλιν ὁ κύων· μίσησον καὶ ταύτην τὴν πονηρίαν. ∆ολερὸν καὶ πανοῦργον ἡ ἀλώπηξ· μὴ ζηλώσῃς τὸ νόσημα· ἀλλὰ καθάπερ ἡ μέλιττα τοῖς λειμῶσιν ἐφιπταμένη οὐ πάντα ἐκλέγει, ἀλλὰ τὰ χρήσιμα λαβοῦσα, τὰ λοιπὰ ἀφίησιν, οὕτω καὶ σὺ ποίησον· τῶν ἀλόγων ἐπελθὼν τὸ γένος, εἴ τι χρήσιμον, παρ' ἐκείνων λάμβανε· καὶ ἅπερ ἔχουσιν ἐν τῇ φύσει πλεονεκτήματα, ταῦτα σὺ διὰ τῆς προαιρέσεως κατόρθωσον· καὶ γὰρ καὶ ταύτῃ παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τετίμησαι, ὅτι τὰ φυσικὰ αὐτῶν πλεονεκτήματα ἐκ προαιρέσεώς σοι παρέσχε κατορθοῦν, ἵνα καὶ βραβεῖα λάβῃς. Ἐκείνοις γὰρ οὐκ ἐκ προαιρέσεως καὶ λόγου τὰ κατορθώματα, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ φύσεως μόνης. Οἷόν τι λέγω· ἡ μέλιττα μελιτουργεῖ οὐ λόγῳ μαθοῦσα τοῦτο καὶ λογισμῷ, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς φύσεως παιδευθεῖσα· ἐπεὶ εἰ μὴ φυσικὸν ἦν τὸ ἔργον, μηδὲ τῷ γένει συγκεκλήρωτο, ἔδει πάντως τινὰς ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀπείρους εἶναι τῆς τέχνης· νῦν δὲ ἐξ οὗ γέγονεν ὁ κόσμος μέχρι τῆς παρούσης ἡμέρας, οὐδεὶς εἶδε μελίττας ἡσυχαζούσας καὶ μὴ μελιτουργούσας. Τοιαῦτα γὰρ τὰ φυσικὰ κοινὰ τοῦ παντὸς γένους ἐστί· τὰ δὲ ἐκ προαιρέσεως οὐκ ἔστι κοινά· πόνου γὰρ δεῖται πρὸς τὸ κατορθωθῆναι. γʹ. Πάντα τοίνυν τὰ κάλλιστα λαβὼν περιβαλοῦ· καὶ γὰρ βασιλεὺς εἶ τῶν ἀλόγων· οἱ δὲ βασιλεῖς, εἴ τι κάλλιστόν ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς ὑπηκόοις, εἴτε χρυσὸς, εἴτε ἄργυρος, εἴτε λίθοι τίμιοι, εἴτε ἱμάτια πολυτελῆ, ταῦτα μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς αὐτοὶ κέκτηνται· καὶ θαύμαζέ σου τὸν ∆εσπότην ἀπὸ τῆς κτίσεως. Εἰ δέ τί σε ὑπερβαίνει τῶν ὁρωμένων, καὶ τὸν λόγον οὐ δύνασαι εὑρεῖν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο δόξασον τὸν ποιήσαντα, ὅτι ὑπερβαίνει σου τὴν κατάληψιν ἡ σοφία τῶν γινομένων. Μὴ λέγε· ∆ιὰ