John Chrysostom, On John

they would have received the word. For if not even the disciples were able somehow to understand what was said, much more the crowds. For when, it says, Jesus rose from the dead, then they remembered and believed the word and the Scripture. For two things were before them for the time being: one, that of the resurrection, and the other, greater than this, whether God was the one dwelling within; both of which he hinted at, saying: Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up; which Paul also says is no small sign of his divinity, saying thus: Who was declared the Son of God with power according to the Spirit of holiness by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ. And why does He give this sign both there and here, and everywhere, now saying, When 59.142 I am lifted up, and, When you have lifted up the Son of Man, then you will know that I am he; and now, No sign will be given to you, except the sign of Jonah; and here again: In three days I will raise it up? Because this most of all was what showed him not to be a mere man, to be able to raise a trophy against death, to put down its long-standing tyranny, and to end the difficult war so quickly. For this reason he says, Then you will know. Then; when? When having risen, I draw the whole world to myself, then you will know that I did these things also as God and the genuine Son of God, avenging the insult against the Father. Why then did he not also say what signs were needed to stop what was being done wrongly, but promised to give a sign? Because with the former he would have provoked them more, but with the latter he rather astonished them. But nevertheless they said nothing to this; for he seemed to them to say something incredible, and they did not deign even to ask, but passed it by as being impossible. But if they had sense, even if it then seemed incredible to them, when he had performed many signs, they would have come and asked, they would have requested that their difficulty be resolved for them; but being foolish, they paid no attention at all to some of the things said, and others they heard with an evil disposition. Therefore Christ also spoke to them enigmatically. But the question is this: How did the disciples not know that he must rise from the dead? Because they had not yet been deemed worthy of the grace of the Spirit. Therefore, continually hearing the words about the resurrection, they understood nothing, but reasoned among themselves what this might be. For what was said was very strange and paradoxical, that someone could raise himself, and raise himself in this way. For this reason Peter also was rebuked, since knowing nothing about the resurrection, he said, Far be it from you. And Christ did not reveal this clearly to them before the event, so that they might not be scandalized at the beginning by disbelieving what was said because it was so paradoxical, and because they did not yet clearly know who he was. For no one would disbelieve things proclaimed by deeds; but it was likely that some would disbelieve things said in words. For this reason from the first he allowed the saying to be veiled. But when through experience he brought what had been said to the truth, then finally he gave both understanding of the sayings, and so great a grace of the Spirit, that they grasped everything at once. For he, it says, will bring to your remembrance all things. For those who cast off their reverence for him in a single evening, and fled, and said they did not even know him, would hardly have remembered the things that had been done and said throughout all that time, unless they had enjoyed much of the grace of the Spirit. And if, it says, they were going to hear from the Spirit, what need was there for them to be with Christ, when they were not going to retain what was said? Because the Spirit did not teach, but reminded them of what Christ had said beforehand. And it contributes not a little to the glory of Christ that they were referred to the memory of the things said to them. So, at the beginning it was from the grace of God that the grace of the Spirit came upon them so lavishly and abundantly; but later it was from their own virtue that they retained the gift. For they displayed a brilliant life, and much wisdom, and great labors, and they scorned the present life, and considered human affairs as nothing, but

ἂν τὸν λόγον ἐδέξαντο. Εἰ γὰρ μηδὲ οἱ μαθηταὶ ἱκανοί πως συνιέναι τὸ λεχθὲν ἦσαν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον οἱ ὄχλοι. Ὅτε γὰρ, φησὶν, ἀνέστη ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν, τότε ἐμνήσθησαν καὶ ἐπίστευσαν τῷ λόγῳ καὶ τῇ Γραφῇ. ∆ύο γὰρ ἦν αὐτοῖς τὰ προϊστάμενα τέως· ἓν μὲν τὸ τῆς ἀναστάσεως, ἕτερον δὲ τὸ τούτου μεῖζον, εἰ Θεὸς ἦν ὁ ἔνδον οἰκῶν· ἅπερ ἀμφότερα ᾐνίξατο εἰπών· Λύσατε τὸν ναὸν τοῦτον, καὶ ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις ἐγερῶ αὐτόν· ὅπερ καὶ ὁ Παῦλος οὐ μικρὸν εἶναι σημεῖόν φησι θεότητος, οὕτω λέγων· Τοῦ ὁρισθέντος Υἱοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει κατὰ Πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. ∆ιατί δὲ καὶ ἐκεῖ καὶ ἐνταῦθα τοῦτο δίδωσι σημεῖον, καὶ πανταχοῦ, νῦν μὲν λέγων, Ὅταν 59.142 ὑψωθῶ, καὶ, Ὅταν ὑψώσητε τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, τότε γνώσεσθε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι· νῦν δὲ, Οὐ δοθήσεται ὑμῖν σημεῖον, εἰ μὴ τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ· καὶ ἐνταῦθα πάλιν· Ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις ἐγερῶ αὐτόν; Ὅτι τοῦτο μάλιστα ἦν τὸ δεικνύον αὐτὸν οὐκ ὄντα ἄνθρωπον ψιλὸν, τὸ δυνηθῆναι κατὰ τοῦ θανάτου στῆσαι τρόπαιον, τὸ τὴν τυραννίδα αὐτοῦ τὴν μακρὰν, καὶ τὸν χαλεπὸν καταλῦσαι πόλεμον οὕτω ταχέως. ∆ιὰ τοῦτό φησι, Τότε εἴσεσθε. Τότε· πότε; Ὅταν ἀναστὰς ἐπισπάσωμαι τὴν οἰκουμένην, τότε εἴσεσθε, ὅτι καὶ ταῦτα ὡς Θεὸς καὶ Θεοῦ Υἱὸς γνήσιος ἐποίουν, ἐκδικῶν τὴν εἰς τὸν Πατέρα ὕβριν. Τί δήποτε δὲ οὐκ εἶπε καὶ ποίων σημείων χρεία πρὸς τὸ παῦσαι τὸ γινόμενον κακῶς, ἀλλ' ἐπηγγείλατο δώσειν σημεῖον; Ὅτι ἐκείνῳ μὲν ἂν αὐτοὺς πλέον παρώξυνε, ταύτῃ δὲ μᾶλλον κατέπληξεν. Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐδὲν πρὸς τοῦτο εἶπον· καὶ γὰρ ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς ἄπιστον λέγειν, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐρωτῆσαι ἠνείχοντο, ἀλλ' ὡς ἀδύνατον ὂν παρέδραμον. Εἰ δὲ νοῦν εἶχον, εἰ καὶ τότε ἄπιστον ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς εἶναι, ὅτε τὰ πολλὰ ἐποίησε σημεῖα, τότε ἂν προσελθόντες ἠρώτησαν, τότε ἂν ἠξίωσαν τὴν ἀπορίαν αὐτοῖς λυθῆναι· ἀλλ' ἀνόητοι ὄντες, τοῖς μὲν οὐδ' ὅλως προσεῖχον τῶν λεγομένων, τὰ δὲ μετὰ πονηρᾶς ἤκουον διανοίας. ∆ιὸ καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς αἰνιγματωδῶς πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐφθέγγετο. Ἀλλὰ τὸ ζητούμενον ἐκεῖνό ἐστι· Πῶς οἱ μαθηταὶ οὐκ ᾔδεισαν, ὅτι δεῖ αὐτὸν ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν ἀναστῆναι; Ὅτι οὔπω τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματος ἦσαν καταξιωθέντες χάριτος. ∆ιὸ συνεχῶς τοὺς περὶ ἀναστάσεως ἀκούοντες λόγους, οὐδὲν συνίεσαν, ἀλλὰ διελογίζοντο καθ' ἑαυτοὺς, τί ποτε τοῦτό ἐστι. Καὶ γὰρ πολὺ ξένον καὶ παράδοξον ἦν τὸ λεγόμενον, τὸ ἑαυτόν τινα δύνασθαι ἀνιστᾷν, καὶ ἀνιστᾷν οὕτως. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ Πέτρος ἐπετιμήθη, ἐπειδὴ οὐδὲν εἰδὼς περὶ ἀναστάσεως, ἔλεγεν· Ἵλεώς σοι. Καὶ οὐδὲ ὁ Χριστὸς πρὸ τοῦ πράγματος αὐτοῖς ἀπεκάλυψε τοῦτο σαφῶς, ἵνα μὴ σκανδαλισθῶσιν ἐν ἀρχῇ διαπιστοῦντες τῷ λεγομένῳ διὰ τὸ πολὺ παράδοξον, καὶ μηδέπω σαφῶς αὐτὸν εἰδέναι ὅστις ἐστίν. Τοῖς μὲν γὰρ διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων βοωμένοις οὐδεὶς ἂν διαπιστήσειε· τοῖς δὲ διὰ τῶν λόγων λεγομένοις εἰκὸς ἦν τινας διαπιστεῖν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἐκ πρώτης εἴασε συγκεκαλυμμένον εἶναι τὸν λόγον. Ὅτε δὲ διὰ τῆς πείρας πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἤγαγε τὰ εἰρημένα, τότε λοιπὸν ἔδωκε καὶ τῶν ῥημάτων τὴν σύνεσιν, καὶ τοσαύτην τοῦ Πνεύματος τὴν χάριν, ὥστε ἀθρόον πάντα ἀπολαβεῖν. Ἐκεῖνος γὰρ, φησὶν, ἀναμνήσει ὑμᾶς πάντα. Οἱ γὰρ καὶ τὴν πρὸς αὐτὸν αἰδὼ ἐν μιᾷ μόνον ἐκβαλόντες ἑσπέρᾳ, καὶ φυγόντες, καὶ οὐδὲ ἰδεῖν αὐτὸν φάσκοντες, σχολῇ γ' ἂν τῶν ἐν παντὶ τῷ χρόνῳ γενομένων τε καὶ λεχθέντων ἐμνημόνευσαν, εἰ μὴ πολλῆς ἀπήλαυσαν τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματος χάριτος. Καὶ εἰ παρὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος, φησὶν, ἀκούσεσθαι ἔμελλον, τίς χρεία ἦν συγγίνεσθαι αὐτοὺς τῷ Χριστῷ, μέλλοντας μὴ κατέχειν τὰ λεγόμενα; Ὅτι οὐκ ἐδίδασκε τὸ Πνεῦμα, ἀλλ' ἀνεμίμνησκεν ἃ προλαβὼν ὁ Χριστὸς εἶπεν. Οὐ μικρὸν δὲ εἰς τὴν δόξαν συντελεῖ τοῦ Χριστοῦ τὸ παραπεμφθῆναι εἰς τὴν μνήμην τῶν λεχθέντων αὐτοῖς. Παρὰ μὲν οὖν τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ χάριτος ἐγένετο τὸ ἐπιπτῆναι τὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος χάριν οὕτω δαψιλῆ καὶ πολλήν· ὕστερον δὲ τῆς ἑαυτῶν ἀρετῆς, τὸ κατασχεῖν τὴν δωρεάν. Βίον γὰρ ἐπεδείξαντο λαμπρὸν, καὶ πολλὴν τὴν σοφίαν, καὶ μεγάλους τοὺς πόνους, καὶ κατεγέλασαν μὲν τῆς παρούσης ζωῆς, οὐδὲν δὲ ἡγήσαντο τὰ ἀνθρώπινα, ἀλλὰ