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according to Alexandria, fourth that according to Rhodes, fifth that according to the Hellespont, sixth that according to the middle of the Pontus, seventh that according to the Borysthenes river and the Maeotic lake, the rest is the Ocean. If then, as we have seen with our own eyes, in the third clime the shadow here, as they themselves suppose, inclines only one foot to the north, and in the fourth one and a half feet, and in the fifth two, how is it not evident that in each clime half a foot is added or subtracted? And if this is true, as indeed it is true, the sun will be found to have the size of two climes. For if in the third clime it has one foot, in the second it certainly has half a foot, and in the first we are found to be completely without shadow. 6.6 But as we said previously in the second book, the distances of the earth from Meroe to the Ocean, towards the south, have many intervals; for from the Cataracts to the Ocean, we remember saying that the distance of the earth is seventy stages, more or less. But the climes which they themselves suppose, they suppose from about twenty stages. Therefore, in the clime according to the city of Axum of the Ethiopians, the shadow is certainly found inclining more than a foot to the south, so that in every way the sun, traversing the summer solstice, has the size of two climes between Syene and Axum. How then are the things said by them about the sun not false and mythical, as that it is larger than the earth? 6.7 And how, when they say the earth is spherical, does the shadow not differ in the hollow of the earth? For when they suppose the torrid zone to be in the middle, it is necessary for the parts on either side to be more concave. And they say that no one can live in the torrid zone, but also that our inhabited world is in the northern part of the earth, separated by many intervals from the torrid zone. And I wonder again, if in these hollows of the earth, according to their hypothesis, the shadows can be so proportional as to be by half a foot for each clime, as has been demonstrated by us, with God's help, who have seen with our own eyes and shown to the men with whom we were conversing, who were not uninitiated, but experienced and firmly contending in this matter. 6.8 Again, they were saying, insisting that when the illuminating body is large, and the illuminated one small, and both are spherical, the shadow is certainly formed into a cone; for the rays of the large sphere passing on this side and that of the small sphere certainly form a very sharp cone; and they attempted to confine us, forsooth, with geometrical proofs; but in this we most concisely showed what was said to be false with our own eyes; 6.9 For bringing a very small wooden sphere, we inserted a fixed nail, by which we also held it in our hands, and holding it out towards the sun we saw a round shadow and not a conical one; and we said to them: Behold how small is the sphere we hold and how large, especially according to you, is the sun, and it does not produce a conical shadow, but a round one. For we tested it both from near and from far, and they could not prove what they say, but they only deceive the many with plausible deceptions. 6.10 Then we, bringing a conical object, demonstrated to them that the conical also produces a conical shadow. And as I speak in truth, most God-loving father, through the power of Christ, they departed from us speechless and with downcast looks, ashamed of their own fictions. 6.11 And behold, we too, according to their own art, having drawn lines and imprinted them, as is their custom to do, one for each clime, are able to show, being first fortified by divine power, that the sun is not larger than two climes, so that in this too they may learn not to be high-minded, but to submit to the divine Scripture. 6.12 a; shadowless; i et i'; that according to the middle; ii; that according to Syene; iii; that according to Alexandria; ιῃ; that according to Rhodes; ῃ; that according to the Hellespont; ῃι; that according to the middle of the Pontus; ῃιι; that according to the Borysthenes river and the Maeotic lake. ιι'; the Ethiopian; ιιι'; that according to Axum; ιῃ'; the Ocean according to Sasou and Barbaria. 1. According to

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κατὰ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν, τέταρτον τὸ κατὰ Ῥόδον, πέμπτον τὸ κατὰ Ἑλλήσποντον, ἕκτον τὸ κατὰ μέσον τοῦ Πόντου, ἕβδομον τὸ κατὰ Βορυσθένους ποταμοῦ καὶ τῆς Μαιώτιδος λίμνης, λοιπὸν ὁ Ὠκεανός. Εἰ τοίνυν, καθὰ καὶ αὐταῖς ὄψεσιν ἐθεασάμεθα, ἐν τῷ τρίτῳ κλίματι τὴν σκιὰν ἐνταῦθα, ὡς αὐτοὶ ὑποτίθενται, πόδα ἕνα κλίνειν μόνον ἐπὶ βορρᾶν καὶ ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ πόδα ἕνα ἥμισυ καὶ ἐν τῷ πέμπτῳ δύο, πῶς οὐ φανερόν ἐστιν ὅτι κατὰ κλίμα ποδὸς τὸ ἥμισυ προστίθεται ἢ ἀφαιρεῖται; Καὶ εἰ τοῦτο ἀληθές, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ἀληθές ἐστιν, εὑρεθήσεται ὁ ἥλιος δύο κλιμάτων μέγεθος ἔχων. Εἰ γὰρ ἐν τῷ τρίτῳ κλίματι πόδα ἕνα ἔχει, ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ πάντως ἥμισυ ποδὸς ἔχει, ἐν δὲ τῷ πρώτῳ καὶ ἄσκιοι παντελῶς εὑρισκόμεθα. 6.6 Καθάπερ δὲ προλαβόντες ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ λόγῳ εἴπαμεν ἡμεῖς, τὰ διαστήματα τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ τῆς Μερόης ἕως τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ, κατὰ τὸν νότον, πολλὰ διαστήματα ἔχει· ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν Καταρακτῶν ἕως τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ μονὰς ἑβδομήκοντα, πλέον ἢ ἔλαττον, μεμνήμεθα εἰπόντες ἔχειν τὸ διάστημα τῆς γῆς. Ἃ δὲ αὐτοὶ ὑποτίθενται κλίματα ἀπὸ εἴκοσι μονῶν ἔγγιστα ὑποτίθενται. Εὑρίσκεται οὖν πάντως ἐν τῷ κατὰ τὴν Ἀξώμην τῶν Αἰθιόπων πόλιν κλίματι πλέον ποδὸς κλίνουσα ἐπὶ τὸν νότον ἡ σκιά, ὥστε παντὶ τρόπῳ ἀναμέσον ἐστὶ Συήνης καὶ Ἀξώμεως δύο κλιμάτων ἔχων μέγεθος τὴν θερινὴν τροπὴν διατρέχων ὁ ἥλιος. Πῶς οὖν οὐ ψευδῆ καὶ μυθώδη τὰ λεγόμενα παρ' αὐτῶν περὶ τοῦ ἡλίου, ὡς ὅτι μείζων ὑπάρχει τῆς γῆς; 6.7 Πῶς δὲ καὶ τὴν γῆν σφαιροειδῆ φασκόντων οὐ διαλλάττει ἡ σκιὰ ἐν τῷ κοιλώματι τῆς γῆς; Μέσην μὲν γὰρ ὑποτιθε μένων τὴν διακεκαυμένην ζώνην ἀνάγκη τὰ παρ' ἑκάτερα κοιλότερα εἶναι. Φασὶ δὲ μὴ δύνασθαι οἰκεῖν τινας κατὰ τὴν κεκαυμένην ζώνην, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν καθ' ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένην εἶναι ἐπὶ τὸ βόρειον μέρος τῆς γῆς ἀπέχον διαστήματα πολλὰ τῆς διακεκαυμένης ζώνης. Καὶ θαυμάζω πάλιν, εἰ ἐν τούτοις τοῖς κοιλώμασι τῆς γῆς, κατὰ τὴν αὐτῶν ὑποθήκην, δύνανται οὕτως ἀναλογεῖν αἱ σκιαί, ὡς ὑπὸ ἥμισυ ποδὸς καθ' ἕκαστον κλίμα εἶναι, ὡς σὺν Θεῷ παρ' ἡμῶν ἀποδέδεικται αὐταῖς ὄψεσι θεασαμένων καὶ δειξάντων οἷς διελεγόμεθα ἀνθρώποις, οὐκ ἀμυήτοις, ἀλλ' ἐμπείροις οὖσι καὶ ἐν τούτῳ στερεῶς διαμαχομένοις. 6.8 Ἔτι πάλιν ἔλεγον διϊσχυριζόμενοι ὅτι, ἡνίκα μέγα σῶμα ᾖ τὸ φωτίζον, τὸ δὲ φωτιζόμενον μικρόν, ἀμφότερα δὲ σφαιροειδῆ, κῶνον πάντως ἀποτελεῖσθαι τὴν σκιάν· αἱ ἀκτῖνες γὰρ τῆς μεγάλης σφαίρας διήκουσαι ἔνθεν κἀκεῖθεν τῆς μικρᾶς σφαίρας ὀξύτατον κῶνον πάντως ἀποτελοῦσι· καὶ ἐπεχείρουν γραμμικαῖς ἀποδείξεσι δῆθεν ἡμᾶς περιγράφειν· κατὰ τοῦτο δὲ συντομώτατα αὐταῖς ὄψεσιν ἐδείξαμεν ψευδὲς τὸ λεγόμενον· 6.9 Ἐνέγκαντες γὰρ βραχυτάτην σφαῖραν ξυλίνην ἐνεβάλομεν ἧλον καθηλωτόν, ἐξ οὗ καὶ κατείχομεν χερσί, καὶ ἐκτείνοντες ἐπὶ τὸν ἥλιον στρογγύλην σκιὰν ἑωρῶμεν καὶ οὐ κωνοειδῆ· ἐλέγομεν δὲ αὐτοῖς· Ἰδοὺ πῶς μικρά ἐστιν ἣν κατέχομεν σφαῖραν καὶ μέγας, μάλιστα καθ' ὑμᾶς, ὁ ἥλιος, καὶ οὐκ ἀποτελεῖ κωνοειδῆ σκιάν, ἀλλὰ στρογγύλην. Καὶ ἀπ' ἐγγύθεν γὰρ ἐδοκιμάσαμεν καὶ μακρόθεν, καὶ οὐχ εὗρον ἀποδεῖξαι ἃ λέγουσιν, ἀλλὰ μόνον πιθαναῖς ἀπάταις τοὺς πολλοὺς ἀπατῶσιν. 6.10 Ἐνέγκαντες πάλιν ἡμεῖς κωνοειδὲς σκεῦος τότε ἀπεδείξαμεν αὐτοῖς ὡς τὸ κωνοειδὲς καὶ κωνοειδῆ σκιὰν ἀποτελεῖ. Καὶ ὡς ἐπὶ τῆς ἀληθείας λέγω, πάτερ θεοφιλέστατε, διὰ τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἀχανεῖς καὶ σκυθρωποὶ τὰς ὄψεις ἀνεχώρησαν παρ' ἡμῶν αἰσχυνόμενοι ἐπὶ τοῖς ἑαυτῶν πλάσμασιν. 6.11 Ἰδοὺ δὲ καὶ ἡμεῖς κατὰ τὴν αὐτῶν τέχνην γραμμὰς βαλόντες καὶ ἐντυπώσαντες, ὡς ἔθος αὐτοῖς ποιεῖν, ἑκάστῳ κλίματι μίαν δυνάμεθα δεῖξαι, τῇ θείᾳ δυνάμει πρῶτον ὠχυρωμένοι, ὡς οὐκ ἔστι μείζων δύο κλιμάτων ὁ ἥλιος, ἵνα καὶ ἐν τούτῳ μάθωσι μὴ ὑψαυχενεῖν, ἀλλ' ὑποκύπτειν τῇ θείᾳ Γραφῇ. 6.12 α· ἄσκιον· ι ετ ι'· τὸ κατὰ μέση· ιι· τὸ κατὰ Συήνην· ιιι· τὸ κατὰ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν· ιῃ· τὸ κατὰ Ῥόδον· ῃ· τὸ κατὰ Ἑλλήςποντον· ῃι· τὸ κατὰ μέσον τοῦ Πόντου· ῃιι· τὸ κατὰ Βορυσθένους ποταμοῦ καὶ Μαιώτιδος λίμνης. ιι'· τὸ αἰθιοπικόν· ιιι'· τὸ κατὰ Ἀξώμην· ιῃ'· Ὠκεανὸς τὸ κατὰ Σάσου καὶ Βαρβαρίας. 1. Κατὰ