97

himself. And Constantius, summoning him from thence, appointed him Caesar; and having betrothed to him in marriage Constantia his own sister, he sent him against the Gauls in the west. For the barbarians, whom he himself had formerly hired as allies against Magnentius, 5.2.21 having been of no use for this purpose, were ravaging the Gauls. But since he was still young, he entrusted what was to be done to the generals who accompanied him. But when they were negligent, the Caesar himself, as far as he was able, took forethought for the war and made the soldiers more eager for the battle, especially by urging them to incur danger and by assigning a stated pay to each one who killed a barbarian. And having become popular with the soldiers from this, he reported to Constantius the indolence of the 5.2.22 generals. And when another was sent, he engaged with the barbarians and succeeded well. And when they were sending ambassadors concerning a truce and were producing letters from Constantius summoning them to the land of the Romans, while purposely being about to send away the one who was negotiating these things, he attacked the multitude of the enemy unexpectedly and conquered. And it is said that Constantius, plotting against him, entrusted this war to him. But this does not seem credible to me. 5.2.23 For he who had the power not even to make him Caesar in the first place, why did he both do so and give him his sister as a wife, and listen to him when he complained about the negligent generals and send out a zealous one instead of them, so that he might succeed in the war, if he were not his friend? But as I conjecture, in the beginning, Constantius, being well-disposed towards him, appointed him Caesar; but when he was proclaimed Augustus against his will, either fearing him on account of the wrongs he had done him and his brother when they were young, or envying him, as is likely, for the equal honor, he plotted against him through the barbarians near the Rhine. But these things seem otherwise to others. 5.3.1 When he was established as sole emperor, throughout the East he opened the Hellenic temples and ordered the neglected ones to be repaired, the demolished ones to be renewed, and the altars to be raised. And he devised many revenues for them; and he renewed the ancient customs and ancestral traditions of the cities and the 5.3.2 sacrifices. He himself openly sacrificed and poured libations in public and held in great honor those who were zealous in these matters. To initiates and priests, to hierophants and to the attendants of the wooden images, he restored their ancient honors. And he ratified the laws established concerning them by former emperors, and he decreed for them exemption from public services and the other things which they had before, and he restored the grain allowances of the temple-wardens which had been taken away. And he commanded them to be pure from certain foods and to abstain from all things that were proper for one who, as 5.3.3 the Hellenes say, had chosen to live a consecrated life. He also ordered the cubit of the Nile and the symbols to be carried to the 5.3.4 temple of Sarapis according to ancient ancestral traditions; for by the order of Constantine it had been brought to the church. And he often wrote to the community of the cities, if he knew they had turned to Hellenism, urging them to ask for whatever gifts they wanted, but he was openly hostile to the ones that were Christianizing, neither enduring to visit them nor receiving embassies when they sent ambassadors 5.3.5 concerning their grievances. At any rate, when the Persians were expected to campaign at that time, to the Nisibenes who sent an embassy about this, because they were completely Christianizing and neither opened the temples nor frequented the sacred rites, he threatened not to help them nor to receive their embassy and that he would not set foot in their city as it was accursed, unless he should learn that they had converted to Hellenism. 5.3.6 And making similar accusations against the people of Constantia in Palestine, he assigned their city to the Gazaeans. For this Constantia, as we learned from what was before, being the port of the Gazaeans and called Maiuma, Constantine, having learned that it particularly revered the religion of the Christians, honored it with the status of a city and named it after his son Constantius and ordered it to be governed by itself, reasoning that it was unjust 5.3.7 for it to be utterly subject to the Gazaeans

97

αὑτόν. μετακαλεσάμενος δὲ αὐτὸν ἐνθένδε Κωνστάντιος Καίσαρα κατέστησε· κατεγγυήσας τε αὐτῷ πρὸς γάμον Κωνσταντίαν τὴν αὐτοῦ ἀδελφήν, ἐπὶ τοὺς πρὸς δύσιν Γαλάτας πέπομφεν. οἱ γὰρ βάρβαροι, οὓς αὐτὸς πρώην κατὰ Μαγνεντίου εἰς συμμαχίαν ἐμισθώσατο, 5.2.21 οὐδὲν ὄφελος εἰς τοῦτο γενόμενοι τοὺς Γαλάτας ἐδῄουν. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἔτι νέος ἦν, τοῖς ἑπομένοις αὐτῷ στρατηγοῖς τὰ πρακτέα ἐπέτρεψε. τῶν δὲ ῥαθυμούντων αὐτὸς ὡς ἐνῆν ὁ Καῖσαρ τοῦ πολέμου προενόει καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας προθυμοτέρους περὶ τὴν μάχην κατέστησεν, ἄλλως τε παρακινδυνεύειν προτρέπων καὶ ῥητὸν μισθὸν τάξας ἑκάστῳ βάρβαρον ἀναιροῦντι. κεχαρισμένος δὲ τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐντεῦθεν γενόμενος ἐδήλωσε Κωνσταντίῳ τὴν τῶν στρα5.2.22 τηγῶν ῥᾳστώνην. ἀποσταλέντος δὲ ἑτέρου συμβαλὼν τοῖς βαρβάροις καλῶς ἔπραξε. τῶν δὲ περὶ σπονδῶν πρεσβευομένων καὶ ἐπιστολὰς Κωνσταντίου προϊσχομένων μετακαλουμένου σφᾶς ἐπὶ τὴν ῾Ρωμαίων γῆν, ἐπίτηδες ἀποπέμψαι μελλήσας τὸν τάδε πρεσβευόμενον, ἀδοκήτως τῷ πλήθει τῶν πολεμίων ἐπελθὼν ἐνίκησε. λέγεται δὲ Κωνστάντιον ἐπιβουλεύοντα αὐτῷ τοῦτον ἐπιτρέψαι τὸν πόλεμον. ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐ πιθανὸν τοῦτο εἶναι δοκεῖ. 5.2.23 ᾧ γὰρ ἐξῆν μηδὲ Καίσαρα τὴν ἀρχὴν ποιεῖν αὐτόν, τί καὶ ἐποίει καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν ἐδίδου γαμετήν, καὶ μεμφομένῳ περὶ τῶν ῥαθύμων στρατηγῶν ὑπήκουε καὶ σπουδαῖον ἀντὶ τούτων ἐξαπέστειλεν, ὅπως κατορθώσῃ τὸν πόλεμον, εἰ μὴ φίλος ἐτύγχανεν; ἀλλ' ὡς συμβάλλω, τὴν μὲν ἀρχὴν εὔνους ὢν αὐτῷ Κωνστάντιος Καίσαρα κατέστησεν· ἐπεὶ δὲ παρὰ γνώμην αὐτοῦ Σεβαστὸς ἀνεκηρύχθη, ἢ δεδιὼς ἀνθ' ὧν αὐτὸν καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν νέους ὄντας ἠδίκησεν, ἢ φθονῶν, ὡς εἰκός, ἐπὶ τῇ ὁμοίᾳ τιμῇ, ἐπεβούλευεν αὐτῷ διὰ τῶν πρὸς τῷ ῾Ρήνῳ βαρβάρων. ἀλλὰ τάδε μὲν ἄλλοις ἄλλως δοκεῖ. 5.3.1 ᾿Επεὶ δὲ μόνος εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν κατέστη, καὶ ἀνὰ τὴν ἕω τοὺς ῾Ελληνικοὺς ναοὺς ἀνέῳξε καὶ τοὺς ἠμελημένους ἐπισκευάζεσθαι, τοὺς δὲ καταλυθέντας ἀνανεοῦσθαι, καὶ τοὺς βωμοὺς ἀνίστασθαι προσέταξε· καὶ πολλοὺς αὐτοῖς ἐξηῦρε φόρους· ἔθη τε παλαιὰ καὶ τὰ πάτρια τῶν πόλεων καὶ τὰς 5.3.2 θυσίας ἀνενέωσεν. αὐτός τε ἀναφανδὸν δημοσίᾳ ἔθυεν καὶ ἔσπενδε καὶ τοὺς περὶ ταῦτα σπουδάζοντας ἐν πολλῇ τιμῇ ἐποιεῖτο· μύσταις τε καὶ ἱερεῦσιν, ἱεροφάνταις τε καὶ τοῖς τῶν ξοάνων θεραπευταῖς τὰς παλαιὰς τιμὰς ἀπέδωκε· καὶ τὰ παρὰ τῶν πρόσθεν βασιλέων νενομοθετημένα ἐπ' αὐτοῖς ἐκύρωσεν, λειτουργιῶν τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὧν πρὶν εἶχον τὴν ἀτέλειαν ἐπεψηφίσατο, καὶ τὰ ἀφαιρεθέντα τῶν νεωκόρων σιτηρέσια ἀπέδωκε. καὶ καθαροῖς εἶναι ἀπὸ τροφῶν διεκελεύετο καὶ ὅσων ἀπέχεσθαι προσῆκε τόν, ὡς 5.3.3 ῞Ελληνες λέγουσιν, ἁγιστεύειν προῃρημένον. προσέταξε δὲ καὶ τὸν πῆχυν τοῦ Νείλου καὶ τὰ σύμβολα κατὰ τὰ παλαιὰ πάτρια κομίζεσθαι πρὸς τὸν 5.3.4 Σάραπιν· κατὰ πρόσταξιν γὰρ Κωνσταντίνου τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ προσεφέρετο. τῷ δὲ κοινῷ τῶν πόλεων πολλάκις ἔγραφεν, εἰ μὲν πρὸς ῾Ελληνισμὸν τετραμμένας ἔγνω, προτρέπων αἰτεῖν ἃς βούλονται δωρεάς, ταῖς δὲ χριστιανιζούσαις περιφανῶς ἀπηχθάνετο, μήτε ἐπιδημεῖν αὐταῖς ἀνεχόμενος μήτε πρεσβευομένων 5.3.5 περὶ τῶν λυπούντων τὰς πρεσβείας δεχόμενος. ἀμέλει τοι προσδοκωμένων τότε Περσῶν ἐπιστρατεύειν, πρεσβευομένοις περὶ τούτου Νισιβηνοῖς ὡς παντελῶς χριστιανίζουσι καὶ μήτε τοὺς ναοὺς ἀνοίγουσι μήτε εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ φοιτῶσιν ἠπείλησε μὴ βοηθεῖν μήτε πρεσβείαν δέχεσθαι καὶ ὡς ἐναγοῦς τῆς αὐτῶν πόλεως μὴ ἐπιβήσεσθαι πρότερον, εἰ μὴ πύθοιτο εἰς ῾Ελληνισμὸν 5.3.6 μεταβαλόντας. παραπλήσια δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἐν Παλαιστίνῃ Κωνσταντιεῦσι ἐγκαλῶν προσένειμε Γαζαίοις τὴν αὐτῶν πόλιν. ταύτην γὰρ τὴν Κωνστάντειαν, ὡς ἐκ τῶν πρόσθεν ἔγνωμεν, ἐπίνειον Γαζαίων οὖσαν καὶ Μαϊουμᾶν προσαγορευομένην, μαθὼν Κωνσταντῖνος ἐς τὰ μάλιστα τὴν Χριστιανῶν θρησκείαν πρεσβεύειν, ἀξίᾳ πόλεως ἐτίμησε καὶ Κωνσταντίῳ τῷ παιδὶ ἐπωνόμασε καὶ καθ' ἑαυτὴν πολιτεύεσθαι διετάξατο, λογισάμενος ἄδικον εἶναι 5.3.7 τελεῖν ὑπὸ Γαζαίοις εἰσάγαν